Kalhora dynasty
{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{Lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪلهوڙا خاندان}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty
| common_name = Kalhora
| year_start = 1701
| year_end = 1783
| p1 = Thatta Subah
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Talpur dynasty
| flag_s1 = Flag of Talpur dynasty.gif
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| national_anthem =
| official_languages = Sindhi
| capital = Khudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783)
| government_type = Nobility
| leader1 = Yar Muhammad Kalhoro
| year_leader1 = 1701–1719
| leader2 = Abdul Nabi Kalhoro
| year_leader2 = 1775–1783
| footnotes =
| today =
}}
{{History of Sind}}
The Kalhora dynasty ({{langx|sd|{{Naskh|ڪلهوڙا خاندان}}|translit=Kalhōṛā khāndān}}) was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.{{cite web |title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories) |url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/mehran/Book2/Book_page9.html |website=Sindhi Adabi Board}} They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.Asian Historical Architecture – [https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1718/pakistan/thatta/mirza-jani-beg-tomb Mirza Jani Beg Tomb (c. 1600-1610)]
History
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made subedar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nader Shah. Sind was then conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani from 1748-1750 making the ruling Kalhora dynasty a vassal under suzerainty of the Durrani Empire.[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/The_Peoples_of_Pakistan.html?id=XXZoMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History] (1971) by I︠U︡riĭ Vladimirovich Gankovskiĭ[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/History_of_civilizations_of_Central_Asia.html?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&redir_esc=y History of Civilizations of Central Asia] (2003) Adle, Chahryar, Baipakov, Karl M., Habib, Irfan, UNESCO
The Kalhora emirs also took part in the historic Third Battle of Panipat as part of the victorious Islamic coalition.[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Muqaddama_E_Sirajul_Absar/wTKJAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ghulam+Shah+Kalhoro+Panipat&pg=PA1142&printsec=frontcover Muqaddama-E-Sirajul Absar] Vol-II (2013) by Syed Khundniri Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability to Sind as he restructured the province.Harjani, Dayal N. [https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Sindhi_Roots_Rituals_Part_1/J4ZlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ghulam+Shah+Kalhoro+Panipat&pg=PT209&printsec=frontcover Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part I] (2018)
Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro had reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by Talpurs amirs. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.
According to Ḳāniʿ, who visited their court, the Kalhora spoke Sindhi in court.{{cite book |last1=Naz |first1=Humera |title=Sindh under the Kalhoras: Persian histories, chronicles, epistolaries, and compendiums of 18th century Sindh |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190701406 |page=40}}
==Rulers==
| class="wikitable" |
| Rowspan="2"|Personal Name
! scope="row" colspan="2"|Reign ! Rowspan="2"|Notes |
|---|
| From
! Until |
| Yar Muhammad Kalhoro
| 1700 | 1720 | Younger son of Nasir Kalhora |
| Noor Mohammad Kalhoro
| 1720 | 1756 | Son of Yaar Muhammad. |
| Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro
| 1756 | 1758 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro
| 1758 | 1772 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Sarfaraz Kalhoro
| 1772 | 1775 | Son of Ghulam Shah. |
| Abdul Nabi Kalhoro
| 1775 | 1782 | Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro. |