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Kalkoti language

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Kalkoti

| nativename = {{lang|xka|{{nq|کلکوٹی}} / {{nq|کھلکوٹی}} / {{nq|کھعلکوٹی}}}}

| image = Kalkoti.svg

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[kʰælkoːʈ]}}

| region = Kalkot Tehsil

| state = Pakistan

| ethnicity =

| speakers = 6,000

| date = 2018

| ref = e25

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Indo-Iranian

| fam3 = Indo-Aryan

| fam4 = Eastern Dardic

| fam5 = Shinaic

| fam6 = Sawi–Kalkoti–Palula?{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/palu1255 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Dangari |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Glottolog |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106022137/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/palu1255 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}

| fam7 = Kalkoti–Palula?

| iso3 = xka

| glotto = kalk1245

| glottorefname = Kalkoti

}}

Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa,{{sfn|Liljegren|2013|p=129}} is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan.{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA2-PA198 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}

Phonology

The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.{{sfn|Liljegren|2013|pp=134–44}}

=Vowels=

class=wikitable style=text-align:center

!

!Front!!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|i(ː)}}||{{IPA link|ʊ}}~{{IPA link|u(ː)}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|eː}}||{{IPA link|oː}}

Open

|{{IPA link|ə}}~{{IPA link|æ(ː)}}~{{IPA link|aː}}||{{IPA link|ɑ(ː)}}~{{IPA link|ɒ(ː)}}

Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.{{sfn|Liljegren|2013|pp=134–44}}

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!colspan="2"|

! Labial

! Dental

! Retroflex

! Palatal

! Velar

! Uvular

! Glottal

colspan="2"| Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɳ}} (?)

|

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} (?)

|

|

rowspan="3"| Plosive

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|ʈ}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|q}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}} (?)

aspirated

| {{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{IPA link|tʰ}}

| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} (?)

|

| {{IPA link|kʰ}}

|

|

voiced

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

| {{IPA link|ɖ}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

|

rowspan="3"| Affricate

! voiceless

|

| {{IPA link|ts}}

| {{IPA link|tʂ}}

| {{IPA link|tʃ}}

|

|

|

aspirated

|

|

| {{IPA link|tʂʰ}} (?)

| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}

|

|

|

voiced

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|dʒ}}

|

|

|

rowspan="2"| Fricative

! voiceless

| ({{IPA link|f}})

| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|ʂ}}

| {{IPA link|ʃ}}

| {{IPA link|x}}

|

|

voiced

|

| {{IPA link|z}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|ɣ}}

|

|

colspan="2"| Lateral

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2"| Flap

|

| {{IPA link|ɾ}}

| {{IPA link|ɽ}} (?)

|

|

|

|

colspan="2"| Approximant

| {{IPA link|ʋ}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

|

The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.

=Tone=

Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.{{sfn|Liljegren|2013|pp=134–44}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite journal| last = Liljegren| first = Henrik| date = 2013| title = Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influence| journal = Linguistic Discovery| volume = 11| issue = 1| pages = 129–160| issn = 1537-0852| doi = 10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.423| url = http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/article/423| doi-access = free}}

{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Languages of Pakistan}}

Category:Dardic languages

Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}