Kalman Taigman

Kalman Teigman (Taigman) studied at a technical school in Warsaw, where he was taught by Adam Czerniaków among others. In 1935, his father emigrated to Mandate Palestine intending to arrange for the family to join him, but the war broke out and he was unable to achieve that. After the Nazis invaded Poland and began to set up ghettos in major cities, the young Kalman and his mother were trapped in the Warsaw Ghetto. It was the largest Jewish ghetto in all of Nazi Germany-occupied Europe, eventually holding 500,000 inmates.{{cite web |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html |title=Getta Żydowskie |publisher=Izraelbadacz.org |year=2012 |access-date=30 March 2014 |author=Gedeon |quote=Największe getta utworzono w Warszawie (500 tysięcy ludzi) i Łodzi (300 tysięcy ludzi). |trans-title=Jewish Ghettos |language=Polish}}

They worked for the ghetto branch of Germany's Chemnitzer Astrawerke AG factory.Christoph Schult (28 May 2005), [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/holocaust-survivors-former-nazi-ghetto-workers-get-cheated-again-a-358459.html Holocaust Survivors: Former Nazi Ghetto Workers Get Cheated – Again], Der Spiegel 22/2005. In 1942, both of them were deported to Treblinka during the Grossaktion Warsaw.Barbara Engelking: [http://warszawa.getto.pl/index.php?show=kalendarium&lang=en Warsaw Ghetto Calendar of Events: 1942] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504164656/http://warszawa.getto.pl/index.php?show=kalendarium&lang=en |date=2009-05-04 }} Timeline: the beginning of the great deportation action in the Warsaw ghetto; transports leave from Umschlagplatz for Treblinka. Publisher: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów IFiS PAN.Session 66, [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-066-04.html Witness: Kalman Teigman.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312020642/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-066-04.html |date=2014-03-12 }} The Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Part 4 of 9. The Nizkor Project.

The extermination camp near Treblinka was built as part of the Nazis' Operation Reinhard (the most deadly phase of the "Final Solution"). It operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 officially.[http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinkadaytoday.html Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522164956/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinkadaytoday.html |date=2013-05-22 }} Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved August 11, 2013. During this time, more than 800,000 Jews – men, women, and children – were murdered there, gassed upon arrival.{{cite web |url=http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=201&Itemid=127 |title=The number of victims |publisher=Muzeum Treblinka |work=Extermination Camp |date=4 February 2010 |access-date=27 March 2014 |author=Staff writer}}{{cite book |last1=Niewyk |first1=Donald L. |last2=Nicosia |first2=Francis R. |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11200-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/210 210] |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew|url-access=registration |quote=Treblinka. }}

Kalman's mother was sent directly from the Holocaust train to the gas chambers, which were disguised as showers. Kalman was put to work with the Sonderkommando in the Auffanglager sorting barracks.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=Source doesn't use the term "sonderkommando" and if he was part of the sortierkommando he probably didn't count as sonderkommando }} Of his experience at Treblinka, Taigman said on film: "It was hell, absolutely hell. A normal man cannot imagine how a living person could have lived through it – killers, natural-born killers, who without a trace of remorse just murdered every little thing."Death Camp Treblinka: Survivors Stories (2012), BBC Four broadcast.

He described how the Germans had designed the camp to conceal its true purpose:

{{quote|There were flowers planted on the ground, and of course people couldn't imagine where they were. They [the SS] painted the huts and put up all sorts of signs as if it was a real railway station. I remember that once one of them said these words – I'll never forget these words – he said it in German, "Come quickly because the water is getting cold!" That's how far they went. The manner in which it worked was macabre, and it was a horrible thing to see.{{Citation |last=Rees |first=Laurence |url=https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/about/transcripts_3.html |title=Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Factories of Death |publisher=KCET |work=BBC History of World War II |volume=Episode 3 |year=2005 |access-date=30 March 2014 |quote=}} – [https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/learning/guides/episode_3.html Episode Guide: Overview. Treblinka]}}

File:Treblinka uprising (Ząbecki 1943).jpg.]]

The Sonderkommando had planned the revolt for a long time, accumulating weapons and following the schedules of the SS officers. They planned to kill the SS officers first and then lead the prisoners out the gates, but plans went awry after a few officers were killed, and chaos ensued.

Taigman escaped during the uprising of 2 August 1943 by climbing over the barbed-wire fence under machine-gun fire by the guards.{{cite web |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/treblinka/teigmanrevolt.html |title=Kalman Teigman at the Eichmann Trial |publisher=Action Reinhard Camps |work=Revolt in Treblinka |year=2005 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=ARC}} He reached Warsaw after weeks.

Soon after the war ended, he married in Warsaw. A year later Taigman joined his father in Mandate Palestine. In trying to reach the territory, he was first arrested by the British and transferred to a Jewish refugee camp set up in Cyprus.{{cite web |url=http://www.ort.edu.uy/despitetreblinka/protagonists.html |title=Despite Treblinka|author= Gerardo Stawsky (Uruguay) |publisher=Universidad ORT Uruguay |work=documentary film |year=2002 |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611051628/http://www.ort.edu.uy/despitetreblinka/protagonists.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}

Taigman became a businessman in Israel, where he developed a successful import business.{{cn|date=June 2020}} For a number of years in Israel, Taigman used to meet with other Holocaust survivors on the anniversary of the Treblinka uprising. Among the guests at the home of his friends Samuel (Szmuel) Willenberg and his wife Ada were Pinhas (Pinchas) Epstein and Eliahu Rosenberg. Together with Taigman, they testified at the 1961 trial of Holocaust perpetrator Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.{{cite web |url=http://izrael.org.il/news/2538.html |title=Kalman Taigman, ocalały z Treblinki, nie żyje (Kalman Taigman, saved from Treblinka, is dead) |publisher=Dziennik MAARIV |work=Izrael.org.il |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=Erec |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032653/http://izrael.org.il/news/2538.html |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}

Later both Rosenberg and Epstein were star witnesses for the Israeli prosecution at the 1986–88 trial in Israel of John Demjanjuk, who had been living in the United States since 1952. He was identified as a Trawnkiki camp guard, who drawn from Soviet POWs held by the Germans, who had been nicknamed "Ivan the Terrible" by Treblinka prisoners. A guard at the gas chamber, "Ivan" was accused of committing murder and acts of extraordinary cruelty and violence at Treblinka against the Jewish prisoners in {{nobreak|1942–43}}.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-ivan-the-terrible/142939995/ |page=3 |title=2d Witness Calls Demjanjuk 'Ivan The Terrible' |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=February 26, 1987 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=Jonathan Broder }}

But when asked, Taigman refused to testify against him. He said that Demjanjuk had not worked as a guard at Treblinka.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/54/ART2/392/878.html |title=מקומי - חולון ובת-ים nrg - ...סיפורו של השורד מטרבלינקה |publisher=NRG online |date=2014-04-29}} He was convicted but appealed the verdict, saying he had never worked at Treblinka. While the case was under appeal, the Soviet Union fell and it opened many of its archives to researchers. Investigators discovered in those Soviet-held archives that Demjanjuk appeared to have served at Sobibor SS death camp, according to an ID with his photo.{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/the-demjanuk-trial-in-retrospect-342441 |title=The Demjanuk trial in retrospect |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |work=Ukrainian SS death camp guard Ivan Demjanjuk: The longest case of a Holocaust perpetrator |date=2014-02-24 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=Efraim Zuroff }}{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/12/world/israel-recommends-that-demjanjuk-be-released.html?scp=3&sq=Demjanjuk%20&st=cse |title=Israel Recommends That Demjanjuk Be Released |publisher=The New York Times |work=Archives |date=August 12, 1993 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=Chris Hedges}} Rosenberg and Epstein had identified Demjanjuk as "Ivan" from photographs that were decades old. To make matters worse, Rosenberg's testimony in his case from 1981 was shown to have been coached by the interrogators and wholly illegitimate.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjkIAAAAIAAJ&q=%22and+which+resulted+in+his+extradition+to+Israel%22 |title=Identifying Ivan: A Case Study in Legal Psychology |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1988 |access-date=26 March 2014 |author=Willem Albert Wagenaar |pages=105–107|isbn=9780674442856 }}

Kalman Taigman died in 2012 of a brain tumor, survived by his second wife Lea, a son, and two grandchildren.

• Taigman was featured in two documentary films: Despite Treblinka (2002), a Uruguayan documentary in which he was featured along with Treblinka revolt survivor Chil Rajchman of Montevideo.
• He and his friend Samuel Willenberg were featured in BBC Four's Death Camp Treblinka: Survivors Stories (2012), aired also in the US that year as Treblinka's Last Witness.

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Category:1923 births

Category:2012 deaths

Category:Sonderkommando

Category:Treblinka extermination camp survivors

Category:Warsaw Ghetto inmates

Category:Polish emigrants to Israel