Kalyptorhynchia
{{short description|Suborder of rhabdocoel flatworms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gyratrix hermaphroditus.jpg
| image_caption = Gyratrix hermaphroditus.
| taxon = Kalyptorhynchia
| authority = Graff, 1905
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
}}
Kalyptorhynchia is a suborder of rhabdocoel flatworms. It contains almost 600 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution.{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Julian P. S., III | last2 = Litvaitis | first2 = Marian K. | last3 = Gobert | first3 = Stefan | last4 = Uyeno | first4 = Theodore | last5 = Artois | first5 = Tom | title = Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Proboscis in Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes) | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | year = 2015 | pages = 205–216 | issn = 1540-7063 | doi = 10.1093/icb/icv056| pmid = 26002347 | pmc = 4612338 }}
Description
All kalyptorhynchs have an anterior muscular proboscis, which is used to capture prey. The proboscis is located inside an invagination of the epidermis called the proboscis-sheath that is closed by a sphincter at the tip of the body. Another synapomorphy supporting the group is the incorporation of the axonemes within the cell body of sperm cells during spermiogenesis.{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Wim R. | last2 = Wallberg | first2 = Andreas | last3 = Jondelius | first3 = Ulf | last4 = Littlewood | first4 = David T. J. | last5 = Backeljau | first5 = Thierry | last6 = Schockaert | first6 = Ernest R. | last7 = Artois | first7 = Tom J. | title = Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 35 | issue = 1
| year = 2006 | pages = 1–17 | issn = 0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x| hdl = 1942/1609 | s2cid = 85917387 | hdl-access = free }}
Classification
Kalyptorhynchs are traditionally classified into two infraorders: Eukalyptorhynchia, with a cone-shaped proboscis, and Schizorhynchia, with a proboscis formed by two opposite parallel muscular sheets. However, molecular studies have shown that Eukalyptorhynchia, as originally defined, is paraphyletic and includes Schizorhynchia. It becomes monophyletic if the family Cicerinidae is excluded.
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|grouplabel1=Eukalyptorhynchia sensu lato
|label1=Kalyptorhynchia
|1={{Clade
|1=Toia |barbegin1=blue
|2={{Clade
|1=Eukalyptorhynchia sensu stricto |bar1=blue
|2={{Clade
|1=Cicerinidae |barend1=blue
}}
}}
}}
}}