Kamakã language

{{Short description|Extinct Macro-Je language of Brazil}}

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=pt|otherarticle=Língua camacã|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Kamakã

| nativename = Ezeshio

| states = Brazil

| region = Bahia

| extinct = by 1950s

| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white

| fam1 = Macro-Jê

| fam2 = Kamakã

| dia1 = Kamakã

| dia2 = Kotoxó

| dia3 = {{ill|Mongoyó language|lt=Mongoyó/Mangaló|pt|Língua mongoió}}

| iso3 = vkm

| glotto = kama1372

| glottoname = Kamakan

| ethnicity = {{ill|Kamakã people|pt|Camacãs}}

}}

The Kamakã language (Kamakan), or Ezeshio, is an extinct language of a small family, belonging to the Macro-Jê languages of Brazil.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. [http://etnolinguistica.org/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília. Kotoxó and Mongoyó/Mangaló are sometimes included as dialects.

Classification

Kamakã is a Macro-Jê language. It was spoken by several groups of indigenous peoples who lived in Bahia, including the Kamakã, Mongoyó, Menién, Kotoxó and Masakará.Rivail Ribeiro et van der Voort 2010, p. 547.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Vowels

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}

|{{IPA link|ɨ}} {{IPA link|ɨ̃}}

|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}

Close-mid

|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}}

|rowspan=2|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}}

Open-mid

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

Open

|

|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}

|

  • /ə/ can also be realized as a back vowel sound [ʌ].

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Consonants

!

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

Stop

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|

Fricative

|{{IPA link|f}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|{{IPA link|x}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|

|

Flap

|

|{{IPA link|ɾ}}

|

|

|

Glide

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

  • /ɾ/ can be in free variation with a fricative [ʒ] and a lateral [l].
  • /n/ is heard as [ŋ] when preceding /k/.{{Cite book|last=Grahl|first=João A. P.|title=Kamakã em Prolog: Possibilidades de análise de uma língua de tradição oral morta|publisher=Universidade Federal do Paraná|year=2009}}

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

  • Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro, Hein van der Voort, Nimuendajú Was Right : The Inclusion of the Jabuti Language Family in the Macro-Jê Stock, International Journal of American Linguistics, 76:4, pp. 517-570, 2010.

{{Languages of Brazil}}

{{Macro-Jê languages}}

Category:Extinct languages of South America

Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century

Category:Kamakã languages

Category:Indigenous languages of Northeastern Brazil

{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}