Kamakã language
{{Short description|Extinct Macro-Je language of Brazil}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=pt|otherarticle=Língua camacã|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kamakã
| nativename = Ezeshio
| states = Brazil
| region = Bahia
| extinct = by 1950s
| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white
| fam1 = Macro-Jê
| fam2 = Kamakã
| dia1 = Kamakã
| dia2 = Kotoxó
| dia3 = {{ill|Mongoyó language|lt=Mongoyó/Mangaló|pt|Língua mongoió}}
| iso3 = vkm
| glotto = kama1372
| glottoname = Kamakan
| ethnicity = {{ill|Kamakã people|pt|Camacãs}}
}}
The Kamakã language (Kamakan), or Ezeshio, is an extinct language of a small family, belonging to the Macro-Jê languages of Brazil.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. [http://etnolinguistica.org/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília. Kotoxó and Mongoyó/Mangaló are sometimes included as dialects.
Classification
Kamakã is a Macro-Jê language. It was spoken by several groups of indigenous peoples who lived in Bahia, including the Kamakã, Mongoyó, Menién, Kotoxó and Masakará.Rivail Ribeiro et van der Voort 2010, p. 547.
Phonology
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels ! !Back |
Close
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} |{{IPA link|ɨ}} {{IPA link|ɨ̃}} |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} |
---|
Close-mid
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} |rowspan=2|{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} |
Open-mid
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
Open
| |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} | |
- /ə/ can also be realized as a back vowel sound [ʌ].
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants ! |
Stop
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tʃ}} |{{IPA link|k}} | |
---|
Fricative
|{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} |{{IPA link|x}} |{{IPA link|h}} |
Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} | | |
Flap
| |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |
Glide
| | |{{IPA link|j}} |{{IPA link|w}} | |
- /ɾ/ can be in free variation with a fricative [ʒ] and a lateral [l].
- /n/ is heard as [ŋ] when preceding /k/.{{Cite book|last=Grahl|first=João A. P.|title=Kamakã em Prolog: Possibilidades de análise de uma língua de tradição oral morta|publisher=Universidade Federal do Paraná|year=2009}}
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
- Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro, Hein van der Voort, Nimuendajú Was Right : The Inclusion of the Jabuti Language Family in the Macro-Jê Stock, International Journal of American Linguistics, 76:4, pp. 517-570, 2010.
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Macro-Jê languages}}
Category:Extinct languages of South America
Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century
Category:Indigenous languages of Northeastern Brazil
{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}