Kankakee Sands
{{Short description|Restored prairie in Illinois and Indiana}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox protected area
|name=Kankakee Sands
|photo=Beaver Lake 19-11-22 050.jpg
|photo_caption=Historic Beaver Lake area, drained in the early 1900s for farmland. Bogus Island in now the bison viewing area.
|photo_width=250
|iucn_category=
|map=USA Indiana
|map_caption=Location within the state of Indiana
|map_width=250
|location=
|nearest_city=Morocco, Indiana
|coordinates={{coord|41|03|00|N|87|27|36|W|region:US-IN|display=inline,title}}
|area=
|established=2016
|visitation_num=
|visitation_year=
|governing_body=The Nature Conservancy
}}
Kankakee Sands is a {{convert|10000|acre|ha|adj=mid}} complex of tallgrass prairie and oak savanna restorations and remnants in Kankakee County, Illinois and Newton County, Indiana.{{r|tncilkankakee|tncinkankakee}} It is managed by The Nature Conservancy staff and volunteers. The Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands is {{cvt|8,400|acre}} of prairies and wetlands connecting Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area, Beaver Lake Nature Preserve, Conrad Savanna Nature Preserve and Conrad Station Savanna. This creates over {{cvt|20,000|acres}} of dry, mesic and wet sand prairies, sand blows, sedge meadows, wetlands, and black oak savannas.
History
File: View SE 19-09-13 075.jpg
About 14,000 to 16,000 years ago, sands were deposited from glacial melt waters flowing from the retreating Laurentide ice sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation.{{Cite journal |last1=Phillippe |first1=Loy R. |last2=Molano-Flores |first2=Brenda |last3=Murphy |first3=Michael J.C. |last4=Marcum |first4=Paul B. |last5=Ebinger |first5=John E. |date=2011 |title=Status of Endangered and Threatened Sand Area Species of the Illinois Flora |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/4833880 |journal=Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=259–296 |doi=10.21900/j.inhs.v39.103 |via=CORE|hdl=2142/25989 |hdl-access=free }}
This area is part of the Grand Kankakee Marsh system and the site of the largest natural lake in Indiana until it was drained. Beaver Lake was {{convert|7|miles}} long and {{convert|5|miles}} wide. As a shallow lake, only {{convert|10|feet}} deep, it was filled with vegetation and wildlife. It was drained by the 1880s. The Nature Conservancy purchased {{convert|7200|acres}} of farmland in 1996 with the aim of restoring as a prairie.{{r|tncinkankakee}}
Bison roamed through Indiana when the eastern pioneers first arrived in the state. Explorers reported bison in the 1600s and 1700s. An 1824 traveler encountered a single bison near the modern location of the preserve and shot it. Bison were extirpated from Indiana by 1830.{{cite web |last1=Staff writer |title=Bison at Kankakee Sands |url=https://www.southshorecva.com/discovernewtoncounty/bison/ |website=South Shore Indiana, Visitor and Convention Authority |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=6 November 2021}} Twenty-three American bison were introduced to the Kankakee Sands in October of 2016. The bison are from the Wind Cave National Park.{{Cite news |last=Schneider |first=Karl |date=2024-05-29 |title=Buffalo project helps restore prairie while reconnecting indigenous tribes with heritage |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/environment/2024/05/29/buffalo-making-foothold-in-indiana-providing-support-to-native-tribes/73511151007/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Indianapolis Star |language=en-US}} Bison were indigenous to Indiana until exterminated by 1790.{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Karl |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Indiana preserve ramps up accessibility where buffalo restoration efforts take place |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/environment/2025/01/08/indiana-conservation-group-upgrades-kankakee-sands-grows-indigenous-partnership/75516447007/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Indianapolis Star |language=en-US}}
Flora and fauna
The preserve supports a wide variety of plant and animal species. The bison provide management of the grasses on the prairie.{{Cite news|last=Bowman|first=Dale|date=2021-10-30|title=Bison through the chute to their new home: Young bulls arrive and acclimate at Kankakee Sands|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/10/30/22753989/bison-kankakee-sands-arrive-acclimate-chute-new-home-young-bulls|access-date=2021-11-01|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en}} They prefer grasses and sedges, leaving the flowering plants, which support a range of insects and animals.{{Cite web|title=Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands {{!}} Bison at Kankakee Sands|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kankakee-sands/?tab_q=tab_container-tab_element_1430865153|access-date=2021-08-28|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201301/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kankakee-sands/?tab_q=tab_container-tab_element_1430865153|url-status=live}} In addition, the bison, reduce the height of the plants, supporting ground dwelling birds. As of 2021 the bison herd had grown to more than 90 individuals.{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Bison at Kankakee Sands|url=https://www.southshorecva.com/discovernewtoncounty/bison/|url-status=live|access-date=July 12, 2021|publisher=South Shore Convention & Visitors Authority|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060216/https://www.southshorecva.com/discovernewtoncounty/bison/}}
- 772 plants: rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), pricklypear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), beach wormwood (Artemisia caudata), roundheaded bush clover (Lespedeza capitata), Wild quinine (Parthenium integrifolium),
- Prairie: lead plant (Amorpha canescens), smooth blue aster (Symphyotrichum laeve), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), rough blazing star (Liatris aspera), wild blue lupine (Lupinus perennis), downy phlox (Phlox pilosa), purple milkwort (Polygama polygama v. obtusata), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum latiusculum), Carolina rose (Rosa carolina), lanceleaf figwort (Scrophularia lanceolata), goat's rue (Tephrosia virginiana), lance leaved violet (Viola lanceolata).
- Sedges and grasses: little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica),
- Trees: white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), sassafras (Sassafras albidum),
- Wet prairie: swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), blue joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), horsetail (Equisetum hyemale), blue flag iris (Iris virginica shrevei), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), great blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica), winged loosestrife (Lythrum alatum), hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus), green bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata)
- 68 butterflies: regal fritillary butterflyWelcome to the Grace Teninga Discover Trail, Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands; The Nature Conservancy; undated
- 153 bees
- 247 birds: Winter is the best time to see wintering owls and Rough-legged Hawks. From March thru June is best for seeing migrating and breeding prairie birds.{{cite web |last1=Staff writer |title=Northwest Indiana Birding Opportunities - Kankakee Sands Nature Conservancy |url=https://indianabirdingtrail.com/pages/kankakee-sands-nature-conservancy-birding-opportunities |website=Indiana Birding Trail |publisher=Indiana Audubon Society |access-date=6 November 2021}}
- Grasslands: American kestrel, bobolink, brown-headed cowbird, dickcissel, eastern meadowlark, eastern kingbird, field sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, Henslow's sparrow, horned lark, lark sparrow, mourning dove, northern bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, Savannah sparrow, upland sandpiper, vesper sparrow{{Cite web|title=Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands {{!}} Animals at the Kankakee Sands {{!}} Birds|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kankakee-sands/?tab_q=tab_container-tab_element_1338750185|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202318/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/kankakee-sands/?tab_q=tab_container-tab_element_1338750185|url-status=live}}
- Wetland-grasslands: American woodcock, common yellowthroat, Leconte's sparrow, marsh wren, Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow, red-winged blackbird, sedge wren, swamp sparrow, yellow warbler, yellow-headed blackbird, Wilson's snipe
- Shrubs: alder flycatcher, American goldfinch, American tree sparrow, Bell's vireo, blue grosbeak, brown thrasher, eastern towhee, fox sparrow, golden-crowned kinglet, gray catbird, house wren, indigo bunting, loggerhead shrike, northern mockingbird, northern cardinal, orchard oriole, ruby-crowned kinglet, ruby-throated hummingbird, song sparrow, tree swallow, white-crowned sparrow, white-throated sparrow, willow flycatcher
- Ducks: blue-winged teal, bufflehead, Canada goose, common tern, gadwall, greater white-fronted goose, green-winged teal, hooded merganser, horned grebe, lesser scaup, mallard, mute swan, northern shoveler, northern pintail, redhead, ruddy duck, ring-necked duck, wood duck
- Marshes: American coot, American bittern, black rail, night-heron, great blue heron, great egret, green heron, king rail, least bittern, pied-billed grebe, sandhill crane, snowy egret, sora, tricolored heron, Virginia rail, white ibis, white-faced ibis, yellow rail
- Raptors: bald eagle, broad-winged hawk, merlin, peregrine falcon, red-shouldered hawk, rough-legged hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, Swainson's hawk, northern harrier, osprey, Cooper's hawk
- 9 snakes: e.g. milk snake, bull snake, hognose snake
- 2 lizards: e.g. six-lined racerunner, slender glass lizard
- 932 moths
- 10 amphibians: e.g. chorus frog, leopard frog, Fowler's toad, grey tree frog
- 33 mammals: e.g. plains pocket gopher
- 7 turtles: e.g. eastern box turtle