Kapilavastu (ancient city)
{{Short description|Ancient city in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
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| image1 = Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu in full Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg
| caption1 = Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu, proceeding to meet his son the Buddha walking in mid-air (head raised at the bottom of the panel), and to give him a Banyan tree (bottom left corner).Marshall, John (1918). [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 Guide To Sanchi], Calcutta: ASI; p.64] The dream of Maya at the top of the panel is a sure marker of Kapilavastu. Sanchi.
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{{Location map+
|South Asia
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|caption = Proposed location of Kapilavastu, in Tilaurakot and Piprahwa, in South Asia.
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{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.58 |N |long=83.08|E |label=Tilaurakot|position=top |label_size=80}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.443 |N |long=83.1278|E |label=Piprahwa |position=bottom |label_size=80}}
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{{Location map+
|Nepal
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|caption = Proposed location of Kapilavastu, in Tilaurakot and Piprahwa, each on a different side of the India-Nepal frontier.
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{{location map~ |Nepal |lat=27.58 |N |long=83.08|E |label=Tilaurakot|position=top |label_size=80}}
{{location map~ |Nepal |lat=27.443 |N |long=83.128|E |label=Piprahwa |position=bottom |label_size=80}}
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{{BuddhasHolySites}}
Kapilavastu was an ancient city in the eastern Gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent which was the capital of the clan gaṇasaṅgha or "republic" of the Shakyas in the late Iron Age, around the 6th and 5th centuries BC. King Śuddhodana and Queen Māyā are believed to have lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince Siddartha Gautama (Gautama Buddha) until he left the palace at the age of 29.{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=K|editor-last=Keown|editor-first=D|editor2-last=Prebish|editor2-first=CS|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|chapter=Kapilavastu|pages=436–7|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-55624-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&q=kapilavatthu}}
Buddhist texts such as the Pāli Canon say that Kapilavastu was the childhood home of Gautama Buddha, on account of it being the capital of the Shakyas, over whom his father ruled. Kapilavastu is the place where Siddhartha Gautama spent the first 29 years of his life. According to Buddhist sources the name Kapilvatthu means "tawny area", due to the abundance of reddish sand in the area.Kapila, PTS Pali English Dictionary. Link: https://suttacentral.net/define/kapilaSuttacentral Most foreign accounts from the medieval period, particularly from China, described Kapilavastu as being part of "Central India".{{cite journal |last1=Mosca |first1=Matthew |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study |journal=India-China: Intersecting Universalities |date=2020 |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en}}
Kapilavastu never became a major pilgrimage site like Buddha's birthplace at Lumbini not far away, which would have left unmistakable remains. The settlement was probably never as large as depictions in early Buddhist art suggest, and after the decline of Buddhism in India its location faded into obscurity.{{cn|date=November 2022}} There are now two sites near the border between Nepal and India which are claimed as Kapilavastu — Piprahwa in Uttar Pradesh, India and Tilaurakot in Nepal. Finds at the Piprahwa (including a reliquary found inside a mud stupa) indicate Buddhist activity dating to the 5th–4th century BCE, around the time of the death of the Buddha.{{cite journal|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Archaeological Excavations at Piprāhwā and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu|journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=13|issue=1|pages=103–10|year=1980|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8511/2418}}
Search for Kapilavastu
The 19th-century search for the historical site of Kapilavastu followed the accounts left by Faxian and later by Xuanzang, who were Chinese Buddhist monks who made early pilgrimages to the site.Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft Volume 1]Beal, Samuel (1911). The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. [https://archive.org/details/ajf4729.0001.001.umich.edu Internet Archive]Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995). [http://bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2087_GreatTangRecordofWesternRegions_1996_0.pdf The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713195617/http://bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2087_GreatTangRecordofWesternRegions_1996_0.pdf |date=13 July 2018 }}. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|1-886439-02-8}}{{cite book|last=Watters |first=Thomas | authorlink = Thomas Watters |title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629–645 A.D. Volume1|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924071132769#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1904|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London}} Some archaeologists have identified present-day Tilaurakot, Nepal, while others have identified present-day Piprahwa, India as the location for the historical site of Kapilavastu, the seat of governance of the Shakya state that would have covered the region.{{Citation | last =Tuladhar | first =Swoyambhu D. | title =The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited | journal = Ancient Nepal | issue = 151 | date = November 2002 | pages = 1–7 | url =http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf}}{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/0103/newsbriefs/buddha.html|title=Competing Claims on Buddha's Hometown|publisher=Archaeology.org|date=March 2001|accessdate=21 March 2011|first=Chris|last=Hellier}}{{Citation|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location|jstor=29756506|year=1979|journal=East and West|volume=29|issue=1/4|pages=61–74}}{{registration}} Both sites contain archaeological ruins. Those at Piprahwa show it was a significant early Buddhist site with a stupa and monasteries, and probably relics of the Buddha.{{Citation|title=UP's Piprahwa is Buddha's Kapilvastu?|date=4 May 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UPs-Piprahwa-is-Buddhas-Kapilvastu/articleshow/47143085.cms?|author=Sharda, Shailvee|journal=Times of India}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/buddhist_pilgrimage/sites_india/kapilavastu/index.html|title=Kapilavastu|accessdate=1 March 2011|archive-date=8 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108040311/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/buddhist_pilgrimage/sites_india/kapilavastu/index.html|url-status=dead}}{{Citation | last = Huntington|first =John C |title= Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus|journal=Orientations|date=1986|volume= September 1986 |pages=54–56| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128233735/http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf | archivedate = 28 November 2014 | url = http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf }}
Proposed sites
Suddhodana Palace-east gate.JPG|Proposed site of Suddhodanda's Palace at Tilaurakot
File:Stupas-Original-00020.jpg|Stupa at Piprahwa
Ancient depictions
File:Maya's dream Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern gateway.jpg|Maya's dream of an elephant during her conception of the Buddha, an identifier of the city of Kapilavastu.
File:Departure_of_the_Buddha_from_Kapilavastu_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gate.jpg|The departure of the Buddha from Kapilavastu, Sanchi, Stupa 1, Northern Gate.
Notable people
- Puṇṇa Mantānīputta – one of the Buddha's ten principal disciples
- Anuruddha – among the ten principal disciples and also a cousin of the Buddha
- Rāhula – the only son of the Buddha
- Ānanda – primary attendant of the Buddha and among the ten principal disciples
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book|last1=Coningham|first1=Robin |author1link=Robin Coningham |last2=Young|first2=Ruth |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&dq=Coningham+Tilaurakot&pg=PA440|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-41898-7|pages=438–440}}