Karachays

The names used by the Karachay-Balkar to refer to themselves (enonym) and the names assigned to them by neighboring Caucasian peoples in their own languages (exonym) are presented in the following table.

Karachays and Balkars are listed as among the peoples indigenous to the North Caucasus. {{Cite journal |last=Szczśniak |first=Andrew L. |date=1963 |title=A Brief Index of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Asiatic Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022425 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=1–29 |jstor=30022425 |issn=0003-5483}}{{Cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation : Karachay and Cherkess |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/107806 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Refworld |language=en}} According to Balkar historian, ethnographer and archaeologist {{ill|Ismail Miziev|ru|Мизиев, Исмаил Муссаевич}} who was a specialist in the field of North Caucasian studies, the theories on the origins of the Karachays and the neighboring Balkars is among "one of the most difficult problems in Caucasian studies," {{cite book |last=Miziev |first=Ismail |title=The History of the Karachai-Balkarian People |publisher=Mingi-Tau Publishing (Elbrus) |year=1994 |location=Nalchik |translator=P.B Ivanov}} due to the fact that they are "a Turk-speaking people occupying the most Alpine regions of Central Caucasus, living in an environment of Caucasian and Iranian (Ossetian) languages." Many scientists and historians have made attempts to study the issue, but "the complexity of a problem lead to numerous hypotheses, often contradicting each other." He concluded that "Balkarians and Karachais are among the most ancient nationalities of Caucasus. The roots of their history and culture are intimately intertwined with the history and culture of many Caucasian peoples, as well as numerous Turk nationalities, from Yakutia to Turkey, from Azerbaijan to Tatarstan, from the Kumik and Nogai to the Altai and Hakass."

Ankara University's professor Ufuk Tavkul, another specialist, locates that the ethnogenesis of Karachays-Balkars and Kumyks inside the Caucasus, not outside;{{sfnp|Sipos|Tavkul|2015|p=42}} he then succinctly describes the ethnogenesis of peoples of the Caucasus, including the Karachays and Balkars, thus:

{{Blockquote|In the first millennium before Christ diverse groups representing the ancestors of the Abkhaz/Adyghe, Ossetian and Karachay-Balkar people lived in the Caucasus, who contributed to varying degrees to the emergence of these peoples. From the 7th century BC Kimmerian, Scythian, Sarmatian, Alan, Hun, Bulghar Turk, Avar, Khazar, Pecheneg, Kipchak, etc. groups invaded the Caucasus and settled there, causing a radical change in the ethnic map of the Central Caucasus.
By assimilating the local Caucasian people of Caucasid anthropological features who had brought to life the Koban culture of the Bronze Age, the Ossetians of an Iranian tongue and the Turkic-speaking Karachay-Balkars emerged in the Middle Caucasus. The Ossetian and Karachay-Balkar people and cultures were certainly fundamentally influenced by the Caucasian substratum belonging to the Koban culture (Betrozov 2009: 227)|"About Karachay-Balkar people: Ethnogenesis", in Sipos & Tavkul (2015), Karachay-Balkar folksongs, p. 44.{{sfnp|Sipos|Tavkul|2015|p=44}}}}

Other research by Boulygina et al. (2020) shows Karachays' genetic connection to the pre-historic Koban culture.{{cite journal |last1=Boulygina |first1=Eugenia |last2=Tsygankova |first2=Svetlana |last3=Sharko |first3=Fedor |last4=Slobodova |first4=Natalia |last5=Gruzdeva |first5=Natalia |last6=Rastorguev |first6=Sergey |last7=Belinsky |first7=Andrej |last8=Härke |first8=Heinrich |last9=Kadieva |first9=Anna |last10=Demidenko |first10=Sergej |last11=Shvedchikova |first11=Tatiana |last12=Dobrovolskaya |first12=Maria |last13=Reshetova |first13=Irina |last14=Korobov |first14=Dmitry |last15=Nedoluzhko |first15=Artem |date=2020-06-01 |title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X20301486 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |language=en |volume=31 |pages=102357 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357 |bibcode=2020JArSR..31j2357B |s2cid=218789467 |issn=2352-409X|quote=G2a Y-haplogroup which is frequent in modern Ossetians, Balkars, and Karachays was found in Koban culture|url-access=subscription }} A recent genetic study states the following: "Balkars and Karachays belong to the Caucasian anthropological type. According to the results of craniology, somatology, odontology, and dermatoglyphics, the native (Caucasian) origin of the Balkars and Karachays and their kinship with the representatives of neighboring ethnic groups and a minor role of the Central Asian component in their ethnogenesis were concluded."{{cite journal |last1=Dzhaubermezov |first1=M. A. |last2=Ekomasova |first2=N. V. |last3=Reidla |first3=M. |last4=Litvinov |first4=S. S. |last5=Gabidullina |first5=L. R. |last6=Villems |first6=R. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |date=January 2019 |title=Genetic Characterization of Balkars and Karachays Using mtDNA Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795419010058 |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=114–123 |doi=10.1134/s1022795419010058 |s2cid=115153250 |issn=1022-7954|url-access=subscription }}

The state of Alania was established prior to the Mongol invasions and had its capital in Maghas, which some authors locate in Arkhyz, the mountains currently inhabited by the Karachay, while others place it in either what is now modern Ingushetia or North Ossetia. In the 14th century, Alania was destroyed by Timur and the decimated population dispersed into the mountains.

In the nineteenth century Russia took over the area during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. On October 20, 1828 the Battle of Khasauka took place, in which the Russian troops were under the command of General Georgy Emanuel. The day after the battle, as Russian troops were approaching the aul of Kart-Dzhurt, the Karachay elders met with the Russian leaders and an agreement was reached for the inclusion of the Karachay into the Russian Empire.{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BbHEAAAQBAJ&dq=uprising+in+karachay+1930&pg=PA201 |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |date=2016-08-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |language=en}}

After annexation, the self-government of Karachay was left intact, including its officials and courts. Interactions with neighboring Muslim peoples continued to take place based on both folk customs and Sharia law. In Karachay, soldiers were taken from Karachai Amanat, pledged an oath of loyalty, and were assigned arms.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

From 1831 to 1860, a large portion of Karachays joined the anti-Russian struggles carried out by the North Caucasian peoples.{{Cite web |title=UNHCR Web Archive |url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20250323182608/https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d2c.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=webarchive.archive.unhcr.org}} Karachays actively participated in the resistance alongside their neighbors, including the Circassians and Abazins, against Russian colonization. One of the most notable uprisings was the Karachay Uprising of 1855, which was part of a broader North Caucasian rebellion against Russian expansion. During this revolt, Karachay fighters launched attacks on Russian military outposts and played a crucial role in the regional resistance movement.

Between 1861 and 1880, to escape reprisals by the Russian army, some Karachays migrated to the Ottoman Empire although most Karachays remained in their ancestral lands.{{Cite web |title=UNHCR Web Archive |url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20250323182608/https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d2c.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=webarchive.archive.unhcr.org}}{{cite book| author = Толстов В. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = История Хопёрского полка, Кубанского казачьего войска. 1696—1896. В 2-х частях. Т. 1 | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Тифлис |date = 1900 |publisher= |volume= | pages = 205–209| series = | isbn = }}

In 1930, the Karachay Uprising broke out as a reaction to Soviet collectivization policies. The forced seizure of land, grain requisitioning, and repression of rural elites sparked armed resistance among Karachay peasants, particularly kulaks and middle peasants. The uprising began in March 1930, with rebels seizing several key towns, including Mikoyan-Shahar (now Karachayevsk), Kislovodsk, and Batalpashinsk (now Cherkessk). The Soviet government responded swiftly, deploying Red Army forces to crush the rebellion. By April 1930, the uprising was brutally suppressed, with many insurgents executed or imprisoned. This event was part of the broader anti-Soviet resistance in the North Caucasus during Stalin’s early rule.{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BbHEAAAQBAJ&dq=uprising+in+karachay+1930&pg=PA201 |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |date=2016-08-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |language=en}}

File:Map_of_Karachay_(1930).jpg

All Karachay officials were purged by early 1938, and the entire nation was administered by NKVD officers, none of whom were Karachay. In addition, the entire intelligentsia, all rural officials and at least 8,000 ordinary farmers were arrested, including 875 women. Most were executed, but many were sent to prison camps throughout the Caucasus.{{cite journal|last=Comins-Richmond|first=Walter|date=September 2002|title=The deportation of the Karachays|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520220151998|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=431–439|doi=10.1080/14623520220151998|s2cid=71183042|issn=1462-3528|url-access=subscription}}

During the parade of sovereignties and the collapse of the USSR on November 30, 1990, KCHAO withdrew from the Stavropol Territory and became the Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic (KChSSR) as part of the RSFSR, which was approved by a resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on July 3, 1991.

File:Karatschaier Folklore Ensemble.jpg

In 1989–1997, the Karachay national movements appealed to the leadership of the RSFSR with a request to restore a separate autonomy of Karachay.{{cite journal |author = Мякшев А. П. |editor= |format= |url= https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/natsionalnye-dvizheniya-deportirovannyh-narodov-kak-odin-iz-faktorov-raspada-soyuza-ssr |title= Национальные движения депортированных народов как один из факторов распада союза ССР |journal= Известия Саратовского Университета. Новая Серия. Серия История. Международные Отношения|type= |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Известия Саратовского университета. Новая серия. Серия История. Международные отношения |year= 2014 |volume= 14|number= 4|pages = 40–46|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= |quote= }}

File:Karachay patriarchs in the 19th century.jpg

On November 18, 1990, at the congress of Karachay deputies of all levels, the Karachay Soviet Socialist Republic (since October 17, 1991 — the Karachay Republic){{cite journal |author = Тетуев А. И. |editor= |format= |url= https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-etnopoliticheskih-protsessov-na-severnom-kavkaze-v-period-sistemnoy-transformatsii-rossiyskogo-obschestva-na-materialah |title= Особенности этнополитических процессов на Северном Кавказе в период системной трансформации российского общества (на материалах Кабардино-Балкарии и Карачаево-Черкесии) |journal= Oriental Studies|type= |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Вестник Калмыцкого института гуманитарных исследований РАН |year= 2016 |volume= |number= 1|pages = 90–98|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= |quote= }}{{cite web |author = Смирнова Я. С. |editor= |format= |url= http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/48-Smirnova.pdf |title= Карачаево-Черкесия: этнополитическая и этнокультурная ситуация |type= |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Исследования по прикладной и неотложной этнологии |location= |year= 1992 |publisher= ИЭА РАН |at= |volume= |number= 48|pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025440/http://millet.narod.ru/smirnova2.html |archive-date = 2007-03-11 |language= |quote= }} was proclaimed as part of the RSFSR, which was not recognized by the leadership of the RSFSR. On March 28, 1992, a referendum was held in which, according to the official results, the majority of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia opposed the division. The division was not legalized, and a single Karachay-Cherkessia remained.

{{Further|Deportation of the Karachays}}

File:Karachay-Balkar partition 1944.svg

In 1942 the Germans permitted the establishment of a Karachay National Committee to administer their "autonomous region"; the Karachays were also allowed to form their own police force and establish a brigade that was to fight with the Wehrmacht.Norman Rich: Hitler's War Aims. The Establishment of the New Order, page 391. This relationship with Nazi Germany resulted, when the Russians regained control of the region in November 1943, with the Karachays being charged with collaboration with Nazi Germany and deported.In general, see {{cite book|author=Pohl, J. Otto |year=1999 |title=Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-30921-2}} Originally restricted only to family members of rebel bandits during World War II, the deportation was later expanded to include the entire Karachay ethnic group. The Soviet government refused to acknowledge that 20,000 Karachays served in the Red Army, greatly outnumbering the 3,000 estimated to have collaborated with the German soldiers. Karachays were forcibly deported and resettled in Central Asia, mostly in Kazakhstan and Kirghizia.Pohl lists 69,267 as being deported {{harv|Pohl|1999|page=77}}; while Tishkov says 68,327 citing Bugai, Nikoli F. (1994) Repressirovannie narody Rossii: Chechentsy i Ingushy citing Beria, ({{cite book|author=Tishkov, Valery |author-link=Valery Tishkov|year=2004 |title=Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society |publisher=University of California Press| page=25}}); and Kreindler says 73,737 ({{cite journal|author=Kreindler, Isabelle |year=1986 |title=The Soviet Deported Nationalities: A summary and an update |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=387–405 |doi=10.1080/09668138608411648 }}). In the first two years of the deportations, disease and famine caused the death of 35% of the population; of 28,000 children, 78%, or almost 22,000 perished.{{Cite journal|author=Grannes, Alf |year=1991 |title=The Soviet deportation in 1943 of the Karachays: a Turkic Muslim people of North Caucasus |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–68 |doi=10.1080/02666959108716187 }}

About 10,000–15,756 Karachays and Balkars emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, with their migration reaching peaks in 1884–87, 1893, and 1905–06.{{sfn|Hamed-Troyansky|2024|p=49}}

Karachays were also forcibly displaced to the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kirghizia during Joseph Stalin's relocation campaign in 1944. Since the Nikita Khrushchev era in the Soviet Union, the majority of Karachays have been repatriated to their homeland from Central Asia. Today, there are sizable Karachay communities in Turkey (centered on Afyonkarahisar), Uzbekistan, the United States, and Germany.

The Karachay nation, along with the Balkars occupy the valleys and foothills of the Central Caucasus in the river valleys of the Kuban, Big Zelenchuk River, Malka, Baksan, Cherek, and others.

The Karachays are very proud of the symbol of their nation, Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, with an altitude of 5,642 meters.

Like other peoples in the mountainous Caucasus, the relative isolation of the Karachay allowed them to develop their particular cultural practices, despite general accommodation with surrounding groups.{{cite book|author=Richmond, Walter |year=2008 |title=The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future |series=Central Asian studies series, 12|location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E6Z5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20] |isbn=978-0-415-77615-8}}

Karachay people live in communities that are divided into families and clans (tukums). A tukum is based on a family's lineage and there are roughly thirty-two Karachay tukums. Prominent tukums include: Abayhan, Aci, Batcha (Batca), Baychora, Bayrimuk (Bayramuk), Bostan, Catto (Jatto), Cosar (Çese), Duda, Hubey (Hubi), Karabash, Kochkar, Laypan, Lepshoq, Ozden (Uzden), Silpagar, Tebu, Teke, Toturkul, Urus.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Karachays speak the Karachay-Balkar language, which comes from the northwestern branch of Turkic languages. The Kumyks, who live in northeast Dagestan, speak a closely related language, the Kumyk language.

The majority of the Karachay are followers of Islam.{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&q=karachays&pg=PA219|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|date=2011-05-25|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|pages=219–220|language=en}} Some Karachays began adopting Islam in the 17th and 18th centuries due to contact with the Kumyks, Nogais, the Crimean Tatars, and most significantly, the Circassians.{{cite book |last=Akiner |first=Shirin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUe0AAAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union |publisher=Routledge |year=1986 |isbn=978-1-136-14266-6 |pages=202 |language=en}} The Sufi Qadiriya order has a presence in the region.{{cite book|last1=Bennigsen|first1=Alexandre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nO0NAQAAMAAJ|title=Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide|last2=Wimbush|first2=S. Enders|date=1986|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-33958-4|pages=203|language=en}}

• Osman Kasaev
• Karachay horse
• Alans
• Balkar and Karachay nationalism
• Deportation of the Karachays

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Hamed-Troyansky|first=Vladimir|title=Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2024|location=Stanford, CA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0vpEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-5036-3696-5}}
• {{citation|last=Pohl|first=J. Otto|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=0-313-30921-3|year=1999}}
• {{cite book|last1=Sipos|first1=János|last2=Tavkul|first2=Ufuk|translator-last= Pokoly|translator-first=Judit|date=2015|title=Karachay-Balkar folksongs|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42943442.pdf|location=Budapest|publisher=L'Harmattan}}

• [https://www.akba.org/ American Karachai Benevolent Association]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20190113193022/http://kcr.narod.ru/miziev/miz-e.htm I. Miziev. The history of Karachays from ancient times]

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