Karnaphuli

{{Infobox river

| name = Karnaphuli River

| name_other =

| etymology =

| image = Karnafully River to Bay of Bengal (16471666352).jpg

| image_size = 220px

| image_caption = Aerial view of the Karnaphuli River estuary

| subdivision_type1 = Countries

| subdivision_name1 = India and Bangladesh

| subdivision_type2 =

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| subdivision_type3 = Cities

| subdivision_name3 = Chittagong

| source1_location = Saithah, Mizoram, India

| mouth_location = Bay of Bengal

| progression =

| length_km = 270

| source1_elevation =

| mouth_elevation =

| river_system =

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| tributaries_left =

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File:Karnaphuli River from BNA road (02).jpg

File:Karnaphuli River 6 June 2019.jpg

The Karnaphuli River ({{langx|bn|কর্ণফুলি}} Kôrnophuli; also spelt Karnafuli{{citation |author=Mesbah-us-Saleheen and Sifatul Quader Chowdhury |chapter=Karnafuli River |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Karnafuli_River |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |year=2012 |edition=Second}} and Khawthlangtuipui{{Cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Khee Giap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA676 |title=Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 35 States And Federal Territories Of India: 2000-2010 |last2=Low |first2=Linda |last3=Tan |first3=Kong Yam |last4=Rao |first4=Vittal Kartik |date=2013-12-31 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4579-49-0 |pages=676 |language=en}} in Mizo, meaning "western river" and Borgang in Chakma, meaning "Big River") is the largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is a {{convert|667|m|ft|adj=on}} wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. Originating from the Saithah village of Mamit district in Mizoram, India, it flows {{convert|270|km|mi}} southwest through Chattogram Hill Tracts and Chattogram into the Bay of Bengal. It is the fastest flowing river in Bangladesh, after the Padma. It is said to "represent the drainage system of the whole south-western part of Mizoram."{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Rintluanga |title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC&pg=PA40 |access-date=8 August 2012 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-264-6 |page=40}} Principal tributaries include the Kawrpui River or Thega River, Tuichawng River and Phairuang River. A large hydroelectric power plant was built on the Karnaphuli in the Kaptai region in the 1960s. The mouth of the river hosts the Port of Chattogram, the largest and busiest seaport of Bangladesh.

Etymology

The presence of Arab traders and merchants in the history of Chittagong led to many areas in Chittagong to have names of Arabic origin. The name of this river is thought to have come from qarnaful, the Arabic word for clove, and refers to an incident in which an Arab ship full of cloves sank in this river.{{cite book |script-title=bn:চট্টগ্রামের সমাজ ও সংস্কৃতি |trans-title=Society and culture of Chittagong |author=Chowdhury, Abdul Hoque |page=24 |year=1980 |publisher=J.B. Chowdhury |language=bn}}

Course

=Chittagong City=

Chittagong is situated on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The city is a noteworthy seaside seaport city and monetary focus in southeastern Bangladesh. The Chittagong Metropolitan Area has a populace of more than 8.9 million,{{cite web |url=http://www.chittagongchamber.com/elc.php |title=Economics Landscape of Chittagong |author=E-Vision Software Limited |work=chittagongchamber.com}} making it the second biggest city in Bangladesh. It is the capital of an eponymous locale and division. A water treatment plant has been set up by Chittagong Port Authority to source water from the Karnaphuli river for its uses. The plant will make the port self-reliant in its water needs.{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Sarwar A |title=Chittagong port sets up water treatment plant |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/chittagong-port-sets-up-water-treatment-plant-63709 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=16 July 2015}}

=Tlabung=

Tlabung is situated on the banks of the Karnaphuli River in Lunglei district, Mizoram. Karnaphuli River links Mizoram with the port cit of Chittagong on the shores of Bay of Bengal. British Troops and missionaries used this route to reach Mizoram during the Colonial days. It used to take 5 days to reach from Chittagong to Tlabung on a motorboat, a distance of about 90 kilometers, after which they would travel another 35 kilometers to reach Lunglei.{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=150}}

Transport

File:Karnafully Bridge CHittagong.jpg]]

The government had awarded a contract to build a two lane Karnaphuli tunnel underneath the Karnaphuli river to China Communication Construction Company (CCCC). This is the first underwater tunnel in Bangladesh. CCCC received $706 million for its services, with total costs expected to be over $1 billion.{{cite news |title=Cabinet okays Karnaphuli river tunnel project |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/cabinet-okays-karnaphuli-river-tunnel-project-102481 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=16 July 2015}}

Kaptai dam

File:Kaptai lake01.jpg

The Kaptai Dam is the location of the Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Station, constructed in Kaptai in 1962 and the only hydroelectric power plant in the country. An earth-filled dam on the Karnaphuli River, the Kaptai Dam, created the Kaptai Lake, which acts as the water reservoir for the hydropower station. The power plant produces a total of 230 megawatts of electricity. When then east Pakistan built the dam, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru didn't object even though it resulted in part of Indian side getting submerged and inflow of more than 40000 refugees.{{cite book |last=Bari |first=M Fazlul |year=2012 |chapter=Dam |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dam |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}

Pollution

Like many rivers in Bangladesh, Karnaphuli is heavily polluted by agricultural runoff. Reducing the amount of oxygen available and harming aquatic life in the river. In 2015, a train carrying oil crashed over a tributary of the river. The spill caused environmental degradation.{{cite news |date=20 June 2015 |title=Spilled oil flows towards Karnaphuli |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/spilled-oil-flows-towards-karnaphuly-100180 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=16 July 2015}}

Aquatic life

The river is home to the Ganges river dolphin, which is an endangered species.{{cite web |title=Ganges River dolphin OVERVIEW |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin |website=worldwildlife.org |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=17 December 2015}} Hilsa used to be common in the river, but have nearly disappeared from the river due to pollution.{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Pinaki |title=Hilsa spawning less and less |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/hilsa-spawning-less-and-less-78387 |work=The Daily Star |date=2 May 2015|access-date=16 July 2015}}