Kate Dover

{{Short description|English artist and murderer}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox criminal

| honorific_prefix =

| name = Kate Dover

| honorific_suffix =

| image =

| image_upright =

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption =

| birth_name = Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover{{cite news |title=The Sheffield Poisoning Case |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000488/18811231/028/0006 |accessdate=4 October 2019 |work=Lancaster Gazette |date=31 December 1881 |location=Lancaster, Lancashire, England |page=6}}

| birth_date = {{Birth year|1855}}

| birth_place = Sheffield, United Kingdom

| death_date = {{Death date and given age|1925|03|26|69|df=yes}}

| death_place = Rotherham, United Kingdom

| death_cause =

| body_discovered =

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| nationality = British

| occupation = Housekeeper

| years_active =

| employer = Thomas Skinner

| known_for = Arsenic poisoning of employer

| height =

| weight =

| term = Life

| boards =

| criminal_charge = Murder

| conviction_penalty = Penal servitude for life

| conviction_status =

| parents =

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| conviction = Manslaughter

| trial =

| trial_start = 10 February 1882

| trial_end = 11 February 1882

| comments =

| victims = Thomas Skinner

| date = 6 December 1881

| time =

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| apprehended = 18 December 1881

| imprisoned = Woking Female Prison
11 February 1882
Released before 1901.

}}

Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover (1855 – 26 March 1925) was an English woman who was tried for murder and convicted of manslaughter in 1882 following the death of Thomas Skinner from arsenic poisoning. She was trained as an artist at Sheffield School of Art and was skilled in drawing flowers. She was popularly known as the Queen of Heeley due to her artistic interests and her standard of dress.

In 1880, at age 25, she become the housekeeper of etcher Thomas Skinner, aged 61. Despite the difference in age, he was considered her "sweetheart" and said to be courting her "with a view to marrying her".

In 1882, Kate Dover was tried for murder and convicted of manslaughter following the death of Skinner from arsenic poisoning.

Her trial was a major event at the criminal court in Leeds Town Hall; it was attended by many people and attracted significant newspaper coverage.

Dover's counsel for the defence, Frank Lockwood, employed the "clever defence" of stating that she had given Skinner arsenic, but had not done so with a clear intent to kill him. Instead of being hanged for murder, she was sentenced to penal servitude for life.{{cite book |last1=Birrell |first1=Augustine |title=Sir Frank Lockwood: A Biographical Sketch |date=1898 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028316747/page/n103 82]-84 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028316747 |accessdate=14 February 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Westley |first1=F. C. |title=A Clever Defence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA180 |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=The Spectator |date=February 11, 1882|pages=180–181}} Her sentencing was in line with a trend against the use of the death penalty, in which the defendant's character was seen as relevant in determining sentences.{{cite web |title=Punishment Sentences at the Old Bailey |url=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#imprisonment-hard-labour |website=The Proceedings of the Old Bailey |accessdate=14 February 2020}}

Kate Dover served her sentence at Woking Female Prison, and was released by 1901. In her remaining years, she lived with her sisters at Rotherham, dying unmarried.

Family background

File:Streets of Sheffield (14).JPG

File:Carved sycamore bread board (1).JPG

Kate's paternal grandparents were gardener George Dover (born Norwich ca.1798), and his wife Sarah (born Norwich ca.1802). Kate's father was Charles Dover (St Paul's, Norwich, 1826 – Eccleshall, 1891), the third of 10 siblings.

Charles was a wood carver and joiner who specialised in wooden platters.{{refn|A bread and butter platter is a decorative antique version of a cutting board for bread, but was used primarily for offering bread and butter at table, and not so much for cutting it in the kitchen.|group=nb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=zJ8%2FKvFe2roTbSGkXvWzRw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Dec 1891 Dover Charles 66 Ecclesall B. 9c 231{{cite web |author1=Madeleine Neave |title=Guide to collecting antique breadboards |url=https://antique-collecting.co.uk/2019/02/04/guide-to-collecting-antique-breadboards/?cn-reloaded=1 |website=Antique Collecting |accessdate=10 September 2019 |date=4 February 2019}} He was possibly associated with the wood carver, and bread and butter platter maker, Frederick William Dover (St Paul's, Norwich, ca. 1834 – Ecclesall, 1917) of Burgess Street, Ecclesall Bierlow, who shared the same trade and origins.{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=RHj6WJUiT%2FlJ9LJRgEhxJw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=10 September 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Sep 1917 Dover Frederick W. 83 Ecclesall B. 9c 4211861 England Census F.W. Dover 3470/101 p.24{{cite news |title=Important to silversmiths |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18620304/002/0004 |accessdate=10 September 2019 |work=Sheffield Independent |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=4 March 1862 |page=4 col2}}{{cite news |title=Wanted, a respectable lad |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18620508/037/0002 |accessdate=10 September 2019 |work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=8 May 1862 |page=2 col1}} The making of carved sycamore bread and butter platters and wooden knives had been introduced to Sheffield around 1851 by Prince Albert.{{cite news |title=Conversatzione of the School of Art |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18620125/029/0011 |accessdate=10 September 2019 |work=Sheffield Independent |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=25 January 1862 |page=11 col3}}{{cite news |title=Large stock of sawn wood |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18500525/002/0004 |accessdate=10 September 2019 |work=Sheffield Independent |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=25 May 1850 |page=4 col3}}

The Dover family, then, fit a pattern common to the Sheffield area. In 19th-century Sheffield, manufacturing in skilled trades such as wood carving was family-based: most family businesses were 'born small and remained small' and often employed both sons and daughters. The main industries of Sheffield focused around the production of iron and steel. Sheffield was a primary centre for cutlery, plate,{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Richard |title=How Sheffield became Steel City: what local history can teach us about innovation |url=http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/?p=2057 |website=Soft Machines|date=May 14, 2017 |accessdate=25 March 2020}} and specialised tools, including woodworking tools.{{cite book |last1=Gaynor |first1=James M. |last2=Hagedorn |first2=Nancy L. |title=Tools : working wood in eighteenth-century America |date=2002 |publisher=Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |isbn=9780879350987 |pages=1–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17C60695ADUC&pg=PA6 |accessdate=25 March 2020}} Sheffield also supported a well-established woodworking and furniture industry. By the end of the 19th century, however, carvers and gilders were losing work to mechanisation.{{cite web |last1=Banham |first1=Julie |title=Materialising the domestic interior. Sheffield's nineteenth-century furniture industry |url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/matshef/banham/MSbanham.htm |website=Materialising Sheffield: Place Culture Identity |publisher=University of Sheffield |accessdate=25 March 2020}}

Charles Dover's place of business was Oak Street in Heeley in 1865.{{refn|All 19th-century buildings in Oak Street, where Charles Dover might have worked, have since been demolished.|group=nb}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oldheeley.org/oldheeley9.htm |title=Old Heeley: a few notes |last=Montgomery |first=Alan |date=March 1988 |website=oldheeley.org |publisher= Adult Education Heeley's history workshop|access-date=13 July 2019}} The Sheffield Daily Telegraph said of him that "there was not a more respectable man in the neighbourhood." Around 1880 Charles Dover published a "small volume of prose and poetry – not a little of it very meritorious indeed."{{cite news |title=The poisoning at Lowfield: letters from the accused |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18811231/112/0012 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=31 December 1881 |page=12 col3}}

Kate's mother was Catharine Nunn (Snape, Suffolk, 1827 – Rotherham, 1894), daughter of Jonathan Nunn (Snape, ca. 1791 – Norwich, 1866),{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=6ZbAKigWtHKj%2FtV2CDrC%2FA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=4 September 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Sep 1866 Nunn Jonathan 76 Norwich 4b 89 a candle rush manufacturer and later a grocer.{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=xo72qF9Kr7xP1DF0iBojaQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Sep 1894 Dover Catherine 69 Rotherham 9c 3251841 Census Jonathan Nunn, Coslany 5/18 p291861 Census Jonathan Nunn, West Wymer 1218/136 p22 Charles and Catharine married in Haslingden on 5 May 1846.{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Q1SfwhZKkzioqngE2VPLXA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=14 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Marriages Jun 1846 Dover Charles and Nunn Catharine Haslingden XXI 330. The certificate says: At the Parochial Chapel, Haslingden, Lancaster. 5 May 1846. Charles Dover, woodcarver, and Catharine Nunn, both of full age, bachelor and spinster, both of Haslingden. George Dover, gardener, father of Charles Dover. Jonathan Nunn, Rush manufacturer, father of Catherine Nunn. Both signed the register. Witnesses James Wilding, George Dover. Kate had two elder sisters: Mary Ann Sarah (Knightsbridge, 1848 – Rotherham, 1923){{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=NGRaZbHF2YM92rSEc31rjA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Births Sep 1848 Dover Mary Ann Sarah Westminster I 447{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=%2F7BuuST%2BGlXC1J2JEaBURw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Mar 192 Sissons Mary A.S. 74 Rotherham 9c 757 and Amelia Henrietta Charlotte (Sheffield 1851 – Rotherham 1918).{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/8767/WRYRG9_3474_3476-0453?pid=11497370&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D8767%26h%3D11497370%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY303%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY303&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.127589837.1959720391.1563001567-159005462.1563001567 |title=1861 England Census ref.3475/118 p.19|date=1861 |website=Ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=jRq%2F8chVV6yxOYf95DtNpQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Births Dec 1851 Dover Amelia Henrietta Charlotte Ecclesall B XXII 167{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Xa2XzX34tlDgUzOosztARw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Mar 1918 Eden Amelia H C 65 Rotherham 9c 872

Early life and education

In 1851, before Kate was born, the family was living at 29 Jessop Street, Sheffield.{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/8860/YRKHO107_2337_2337-0777?pid=14121623&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D8860%26h%3D14121623%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY306%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY306&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true |title=1851 England Census ref.2337/280 p.29 |date=1851 |website=Ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}}

Kate Dover was born in Sheffield in 1855.{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=KcHihekurQIExCrI5wXjIQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Births Jun 1855 Dover Felicia Dorothea Kate Ecclesall B. 9c 234

From at least 1861 until 1883 the family was living at 4 Thirlwell Terrace, Heeley, Nether Hallam, Sheffield.{{refn|Thirlwell Terrace was on Plantation Road, postcode S8 9TF. The side of the road containing no.4 was demolished, that side is now trees and grass, but the Wesleyan church on the other side of Plantation Road survives as a mosque. Plantation Road runs from Thirlwell Road to Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.|group=nb}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/7572/WRYRG11_4639_4642-0503?pid=25518933&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D7572%26h%3D25518933%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY304%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY304&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true |title=1881 England Census ref.4640/147 p.41 |access-date=13 July 2019}}{{cite news |title=Sale by order of mortgagees |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000181/18830922/002/0004 |accessdate=10 September 2019 |work=Sheffield Independent |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=22 September 1883 |page=4 col4}} At the age of nine years, she wrote a "small book called God's Love."

As an adult, Kate was {{height|ft=5|in=1.5}} tall.{{cite web |title=West Yorkshire, England, prison records for Wakefield Prison |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/5085/41238_1831109388_2379-00102?pid=203104&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D5085%26h%3D203104%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY417%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY417&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.267310221.249829801.1565957275-159005462.1563001567 |website=Ancestry |accessdate=16 August 2019}}

She was a student of Sheffield School of Art, and many of her flower pictures showed "considerable merit".

She professed herself to be a vegetarian and teetotaller.{{cite news |title=The poisoning at Lowfield: the new witnesses |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18811220/011/0002 |accessdate=1 August 2019 |work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=20 December 1881 |page=2 col6}}

She was "a prominent member of the Good Templars", at the Excelsior Lodge, Sheffield.{{cite news |title=The Sheffield poisoning case |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000644/18820128/109/0003 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |work=Birmingham Mail |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=28 January 1882 |location=Birmingham |page=3 col2}}

She was known as the "Queen of Heeley", due to her taste in cosmetics and paints,{{cite news |title=The Sheffield poisoning case |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/18811224/464/0007 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |newspaper=The Scotsman |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=24 December 1881 |page=7 col4}} and her liking for fashionable clothes.{{cite news|title=The Sheffield poisoning case, the trial of Kate Dover, defence and verdict |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18820208/003/0002 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Sheffield Independent |location=Sheffield |date=8 February 1882 |page=2 col1 |access-date=13 July 2019}}

"The keynote to her character [was] extreme excitability ..." Before her appointment with Skinner, "she was accustomed to dress well, and sometimes with a good deal of taste; and she came to be popularly known as the Heeley Queen," but by the end of their acquaintance her clothes had "become very shabby".{{cite news |title=The suspected poisoning at Highfield: opening of the inquest, further disclosures |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18811210/004/0002 |accessdate=1 August 2019 |work=Sheffield Independent|page=2 col3 |agency=British Newspaper Archives |date=10 December 1881}}

Employment

In 1880, Dover was managing a confectioner's shop,{{cite news|title=The Sheffield poisoning case, trial of Kate Dover |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18820211/073/0010 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Supplement to the Sheffield and Rotherham Independent |location=Sheffield |date=11 February 1882 |page=10 col1 |access-date=13 July 2019}} or a spice shop, in London Road, Sheffield.{{cite news |title=The Skinner poisoning case: Kate Dover before the Stipendiary. Committal to the Assizes |accessdate=1 August 2019 |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000250/18811224/179/0006?browse=true|work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=24 December 1881 |page=6 col6}}

In autumn 1880, she became housekeeper to widower Thomas Skinner (1819–1881) of Sheffield, who was a well-to-do inventor, etcher, and painter. Skinner may have taught her his trade, as he had done with his previous housekeeper. It is not known whether he used her drawing talent as an asset in his designing processes, although etched flower designs were used on cutlery.{{cite news |last1=Hoesch |first1=Patricia |title=San Diegans who collect and sell antique silverware |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1999/nov/11/cover-look-youve-got-a-naked-man-on-your-fork/# |accessdate=24 September 2019 |work=San Diego Reader |date=11 November 1999}}{{cite web |title=Gorham antique engraved no.8 |url=https://www.sterlingflatwarefashions.com/CatalogPgs/Gorham/AntqEngd8.html |website=Sterling Flatware Fashions |accessdate=24 September 2018}}

Crime and trial

{{Main|Crown vs Kate Dover}}

File:Streets of Sheffield (7).JPG

On 6 December 1881, Dover killed her employer and "sweetheart", Skinner, by cooking him a roast dinner with arsenic in the stuffing. Dover and Skinner had had a turbulent relationship,{{cite news|title=The Sheffield poisoning case, the trial of Kate Dover, defence and verdict |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18820208/003/0002 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Sheffield Independent |location=Sheffield |date=8 February 1882 |page=2 col1 |access-date=13 July 2019}} and Skinner's former housekeeper Jane Jones disapproved of Dover's behaviour in the house, and may also have disapproved of their plans to marry.

At her trial, which took place in Leeds Town Hall before Mr Justice Cave, Dover's counsel for the defence, Frank Lockwood, employed a "clever defence". He argued that Dover had nothing to gain, but, on the contrary, everything to lose by the death of Skinner. He suggested that Dover's motive for the poisoning might not have been to kill, but to make Skinner ill and blame Jones for it, thereby undoing the influence of the objector to the marriage.

=The importance of character=

Her sentencing was contentious, but it was also in line with a trend against the use of the death penalty, in which the defendant's character was often taken into account in determining sentences.{{cite book |title=The History of the year; a narrative of the chief events and topics of interest From October 1, 1881, to September 30, 1882 |date=1882 |publisher=Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. |location=London, Paris & New York |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyyearanar00unkngoog/historyyearanar00unkngoog_djvu.txt |accessdate=25 March 2020|quote="Surprise was expressed in some quarters at the lenient view taken by the jury, but there was compensating satisfaction at the sentence of penal servitude for life passed upon the accused."}}

She was a working-class but well-educated artist in an industrial town, with the virtues of regular employment, temperance and an attractive and fashionable appearance. Her demonstrated artistic{{cite news|title=The trial of Kate Dover, a true bill found |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18820204/105/0012 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |location=Sheffield |date=4 February 1882 |page=12 col4 |access-date=13 July 2019}} and letter-writing skills suggested that she was intelligent.{{cite news|title=Kate Dover's vision |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000271/18820110/058/0004 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Liverpool Echo |location=Liverpool |date=10 January 1882 |page=4 col7 |access-date=13 July 2019}}

At the same time, she was apparently ignorant of the potential effect of up to an ounce of arsenic in a dish of onion stuffing, and ignorant of the amount of arsenic which might safely produce only harmless symptoms. Moreover, she did not attempt to find out either of these things.{{cite news|title=The Sheffield poisoning case, trial of Kate Dover |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18820211/073/0010 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Supplement to the Sheffield and Rotherham Independent |location=Sheffield |date=11 February 1882 |page=10 col1 |access-date=13 July 2019}}

No evidence was shown regarding any plans for the outcome of her use of arsenic, should Thomas Skinner become ill or should he die, and when Skinner appeared to be dying she panicked. The Court case did offer explanations and gave a pronouncement on some of these matters.

Other aspects of her character were also described in ways that were inconsistent or contradictory. Before the crime, she was a regular member of a temperance society and there is no suggestion that she ever drank alcohol. Yet she was apparently content to obey her employer's instructions to supply his daily requirement of ale, and to meet him willingly in a public house, a type of place which respectable women did not enter alone at that time.{{cite web |last1=Harvey |first1=Jarod |title=The Public House: Issues of Gender Differentiation and the Use of Social Space |url=https://www.arasite.org/jarod.html |website=arasite.org |publisher=ARA |accessdate=25 March 2020 |date=1999}}

She went home from the house of her "old sweetheart",{{cite news |title=The poisoning at Lowfield: the new witnesses |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18811220/011/0002 |accessdate=1 August 2019 |work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |agency=British Newspaper Archive |date=20 December 1881 |page=2 col6}} Skinner, to her parents every night, apparently leading a socially respectable life. Yet others criticised actions such as "sitting on Mr Skinner's knee" as lewd and inappropriate.

Her honesty was questionable. She told untruths when purchasing the arsenic, saying that she planned to use it

for colouring artificial flowers. She may also have allowed her mother to perjure herself in court on her behalf.{{cite news|title=The Sheffield poisoning case. The trial of Kate Dover at Leeds Assizes. The verdict, from our own reporters. Town Hall, Leeds, Tuesday. |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18820208/021/0004 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |location=Sheffield |date=8 February 1882 |page=4 col6 |access-date=13 July 2019}}

=Verdict and sentence=

Lockwood was successful in convincing the jury to view Kate Dover sympathetically. The jury returned a verdict convicting Dover of manslaughter because intention to murder could not be proved, rather than murder. This result was considered to be "surprising".

The jury was criticized in Gideon's Law Notes for its "extraordinary conduct"; both the "influence of the eloquence of counsel" and the attractiveness of the defendant were suggested to have "blind[ed] the jury as to their duty". It was stated that Kate Dover "was goodlooking and young, and the jury, taking a merciful view of a very strong case of poisoning, found her guilty of manslaughter only."{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Albert |title=Trial by jury |journal=Gibson's Law Notes |publisher=Reeves & Turner |date=1882 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=84–86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oNQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85 |accessdate=28 March 2020}}

When determining her sentence, Mr Justice Cave expressed his clear disagreement with the jury's decision, by giving her the most severe possible sentence, penal servitude for life. It was stated in the British Medical Journal that "Coupling the sentence with the verdict, the conclusion is irresistible, that the judge thought the jury had taken a very lenient view of the matter."{{cite journal |title=The Sheffield Poisoning Case |journal=British Medical Journal |publisher=British Medical Association |date=12 February 1882 |volume=I |pages=237–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5NMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA237|quote="Coupling the sentence with the verdict, the conclusion is irresistible, that the judge thought the jury had taken a very lenient view of the matter." |accessdate=28 March 2020}} He described her actions in as follows:

{{quote|Kate Dover, the jury adopted a view which was presented to them by your learned counsel, and they found you guilty of manslaughter; but the circumstances of your offence are so grave and so atrocious that they are separated but by a very thin line from the offence of murder. In such circumstances I must pass upon you the heaviest sentence in my power, and that is that you be kept in penal servitude for the term of your natural life."{{cite news|title=The poisoning case at Sheffield, sentence on Kate Dover |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000295/18820210/154/0010 |via=British Newspaper Archive |newspaper=The Dundee Advertiser |date=10 February 1882 |page=10 col7 |access-date=13 July 2019}}}}

Imprisonment and remaining years

Dover served her sentence at Woking Female prison.{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/6598/SRYRG12_556_558-0283?pid=18118795&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D6598%26h%3D18118795%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY315%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY315&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.186228073.1959720391.1563001567-159005462.1563001567 |title=1891 England Census ref.556/138 |date=1891 |website=Ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}} She was released some time after 1895. After leaving prison, or at least by 1901,{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/7814/YRKRG13_4391_4393-0932?pid=27964697&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D7814%26h%3D27964697%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY316%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY316&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.220239320.1959720391.1563001567-159005462.1563001567 |title=1901 England Census ref.4393/98 p.5 |website=ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}} Kate lived with her sister Mary and her brother-in-law Edwin Sissons, a baker-confectioner, at 19 Carlton Avenue, Rotherham.{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/7814/YRKRG13_4391_4393-0932?pid=27964697&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D7814%26h%3D27964697%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY316%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY316&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.220239320.1959720391.1563001567-159005462.1563001567 |title=1901 England Census ref.4393/98 p.5 |website=ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}} By 1911, Kate had moved and was living at 423 Bardsley Moor Lane, Rotherham, with her widowed sister Amelia H.C. Eden.{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/2352/rg14_28052_0451_03?pid=31012533&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D2352%26h%3D31012533%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DZpY318%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY318&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.119181769.1959720391.1563001567-159005462.1563001567 |title=1911 England Census ref.511/10/28052 |date=1911 |website=ancestry.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2019}}

Kate Dover never married. She died aged 69 years on 26 March 1925, of bronchitis and heart failure, at 25 St Ann's Road, Rotherham. She had been living there with her widowed brother-in-law Edward Sissons, who was in attendance at her death.{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=5NXHaUSj6Nzt%2FZ1Yd0L3vQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} Deaths Mar 1925 Dover Felicia D K 69 Rotherham 9c 801. The death certificate says; 26 March 1925, 25 St Anns Road Rotherham. Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover, female, 69 years. Spinster daughter of Charles Dover platter carver (wood). (1) Bronchitis. (2) Arterio sclerotic heart failure. No post mortem. (Informant) Edwin Sissons brother in law, in attendance, 20 St Anns Road, Rotherham. (Registered) twenty-sixth March 1925. She was buried on 29 March 1925 at Masbrough Cemetery, Kimberworth, West Riding of Yorkshire.{{cite web|url=https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/record?recordid=gbpr%2fd%2fnbi05418515 |title=Record transcription. National Burial Index for England and wales |date=29 March 1925 |website=Genes Reunited |access-date=13 July 2019}}

Notes

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References

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