Kazuhiko Nishijima

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Kazuhiko Nishijima

|image = Kazuhiko Nishijima cropped Kazuhiko Nishijima 19891212.jpg

|image_size = 250px

|alt = Kazuhiko Nishijima

|caption = Kazuhiko Nishijima

|birth_date = 4 October 1926

|birth_place = Tsuchiura, Japan

|death_date = 15 February 2009

|death_place = Tokyo, Japan

|residence =

|citizenship =

|nationality = Japanese

|ethnicity =

|fields = Theoretical physics
Particle physics

|workplaces = Osaka City University
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Institute for Advanced Study
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Tokyo
Kyoto University
Chuo University

|alma_mater = University of Tokyo
Osaka University

|doctoral_advisor =

|academic_advisors =

|doctoral_students =

|notable_students =

|known_for = Strangeness
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula

|author_abbrev_bot =

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}}

{{nihongo|Kazuhiko Nishijima|西島和彦|Nishijima Kazuhiko}} (4 October 1926 – 15 February 2009) was a Japanese physicist who made significant contributions to particle physics. He was professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University until his death in 2009.

{{cite news

|date=18 February 2009

|title=Particle Physicist Kazuhiko Nishijima dies at 82

|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090218b1.html

|work=The Japan Times

|access-date=2010-07-16

}}

He was born in Tsuchiura, Japan. He is most well known for his work on the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, and the concept of strangeness, which he called the "eta-charge" or "η-charge", after the eta meson ({{Subatomic particle|Eta}}).

{{cite journal

|last=Nishijima |first=K

|year=1955

|title=Charge Independence Theory of V Particles

|journal=Progress of Theoretical Physics

|volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=285–304

|bibcode=1955PThPh..13..285N

|doi=10.1143/PTP.13.285

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Nambu |first=Y. |author-link=Yoichiro Nambu

|year=2009

|title=Kazuhiko Nishijima

|journal=Physics Today

|volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=58

|bibcode=2009PhT....62h..58N

|doi=10.1063/1.3206100

|doi-access=free

}}

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960 and 1961.[http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/world/news/CK2014081402000252.html 東京新聞:朝永氏、受賞前に7回「候補」ノーベル賞選考資料:国際] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082610/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/world/news/CK2014081402000252.html |date=19 August 2014 }} 東京新聞、2014年8月14日夕刊

Life

Nishijima was born in Tsuchiura, Japan on 4 October 1926. He obtained his diploma in physics at the University of Tokyo in 1948, and his PhD from Osaka University in 1955 for his thesis on the nuclear potential.

In 1950, while at Osaka University, Nishijima was hired by Yoichiro Nambu to work on the theory of strong interactions and of strange particles (then called V particles). While studying the decay of these particles, Nishijima developed, with {{ill|Tadao Nakano|ja|中野董夫}}, and independently of Murray Gell-Mann, a formula that would relate the quantum numbers of these particles, the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (or sometimes the NNG formula, for Nishijima, Nakano, and Gell-Mann).

: $Q = I_\text{3} + \frac{B+S}{2}$

where Q is the electric charge, I₃ is the isospin projection, B is the baryon number, and S is the strangeness quantum number of the particle. This formula was pivotal for the later development of the quark model by Gell-Mann

{{cite journal

|author=Gell-Mann, M

|title=A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons

|journal=Physics Letters

|volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=214–215

|year=1964

|doi=10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3

|bibcode = 1964PhL.....8..214G }} and George Zweig

{{cite journal

|author=Zweig, G

|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking

|journal=CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419

|year=1964

}}

{{cite journal

|author=Zweig, G

|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II

|journal=CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412

|year=1964

}} in 1964 (independently of each other).

From 1956 to 1958, Nishijima worked in Göttingen, Germany, upon the invitation of Werner Heisenberg. In 1958, he moved to the United States and joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. A year and a half later, he became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. In 1966, he returned to the University of Tokyo, where he founded a theoretical physics research group and served in some administrative positions. From 1986 until 1989, he served as the director of the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics at Kyoto University, and from 1995 until 2005, he was the president of the Nishina Memorial Foundation, a foundation that promotes physics in Japan, and in 1955 he was the first recipient of the physics prize awarded by the foundation.

Nishijima kept active in research until near the end of his life. His last subjects of research were color confinement and noncommutative quantum field theory. He died of leukemia on 15 February 2009 at the age of 82.

Books

{{cite book

|last=Nishijima |first=K

|year=1963

|title=Fundamental Particles

|publisher=W. A. Benjamin

|oclc=536472

}}

{{cite book

|last=Nishijima |first=K

|year=1998 |orig-year=1974

|title=Fields and Particles: Field Theory and Dispersion Relations

|edition=4th

|publisher=Benjamin Cummings

|isbn=0-8053-7399-3

}}

Recognition

Nishina Memorial Prize (1955)
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1961){{cite web|title=APS Fellow Archive|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=1961&unit_id=&institution=University+of+Illinois}}
Japan Academy Prize (1964)
Person of Cultural Merit (1993)
Order of Culture of Japan (2003){{cite web|url=http://www.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/info/nishijima.html|script-title=ja:本学名誉教授の西島和彦先生が平成15年度の文化勲章を受章|publisher=University of Tokyo|language=ja|access-date=2010-07-16|archive-date=15 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215234310/http://www.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/info/nishijima.html|url-status=dead}}
Guggenheim Fellowship (1965)

{{cite web

|title=Kazuhiko Nishijima, Guggenheim Fellow 1965

|url=http://pt.gf.org/fellows/10720-kazuhiko-nishijima

|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

|access-date=2009-08-18

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100955/http://pt.gf.org/fellows/10720-kazuhiko-nishijima

|archive-date=26 July 2011

}}

Kazuhiko Nishijima

Life

Books

Recognition

References

Further reading