Keith Relf

{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Keith Relf

| image = KeithRelf1966.jpg

| caption = Relf in 1966

| background = solo_singer

| birth_name = William Keith Relf

| alias =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|3|22|df=y}}

| birth_place = Richmond, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|5|12|1943|3|22|df=y}}

| death_place = Hounslow, Greater London, England

| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|harmonica|bass}}

| genre = {{hlist|Blues rock|hard rock|psychedelic rock|folk rock|progressive rock}}

| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|singer|songwriter}}

| years_active = 1956–1976

| label =

| past_member_of = {{hlist|The Yardbirds|Renaissance|Medicine Head|Armageddon}}

| website = {{URL|keithrelf.com}}

}}

William Keith Relf (22 March 1943{{snd}}12 May 1976) was an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist and harmonica player for rock band the Yardbirds. He then formed the band Renaissance with his sister Jane Relf, the Yardbirds ex-drummer Jim McCarty and ex-The Nashville Teens keyboardist John Hawken.

Early life

Relf was born in the Richmond Institution on 22 March 1943 to Mary Elsie Vickers and William Arthur Percy Relf. Keith had a sister Jane. His father was a builder, while his mother was a housewife.{{Cite book|last1=French|first1=David|url=http://public.eblib.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=6213703|title=Heart full of soul Keith Relf of the Yardbirds|last2=Cooper|first2=Alice|date=2020|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-4046-4|language=English|oclc=1156990166}}

Musical career

Relf started playing in bands around the summer of 1956 as a singer, guitarist, and harmonica player.{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2 April 2014|title=Keith Relf Biography: Singer (1943–1976)|url=http://www.biography.com/people/keith-relf-20892269|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315155613/http://www.biography.com/people/keith-relf-20892269|archive-date=15 March 2018|access-date=|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks}}

Relf co-wrote many of the original Yardbirds songs ("Shapes of Things", "I Ain't Done Wrong", "Over Under Sideways Down", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago"), later showing a leaning towards acoustic/folk music as the sixties unfolded ("Only the Black Rose").{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/keith-relf-mn0000098278|title=Keith Relf - Biography - AllMusic|author=Greg Prato|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=15 January 2015}} He also sang an early version of "Dazed and Confused" in live Yardbirds concerts, after hearing musician Jake Holmes perform the song, which was later recorded by the band's successor group Led Zeppelin.{{cite web|url=http://ontheflip-side.blogspot.com/2013/08/tower-records-spotlight-jake-holmes.html|title=On The Flip-Side: Tower Records Spotlight: Jake Holmes - Dazed and Confused|author=Morgan Young|date=9 August 2013 |publisher=Ontheflip-side.blogspot.com|access-date=15 January 2015}}

His debut solo single, "Mr. Zero", peaked at No. 50 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1966.{{cite book|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2006|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London|isbn=1-904994-10-5|page=458}}

After the Yardbirds broke up in July 1968, Relf formed the acoustic duo Together, with fellow Yardbird Jim McCarty, followed immediately by Renaissance (which also featured his sister Jane Relf).{{cite web|last=Elliot|first=Russell W.|date=10 November 2002|title=The History of Renaissance|url=http://www.jtl.us/nlightsweb/lib/renhist.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203105649/http://www.jtl.us/nlightsweb/lib/renhist.htm|archive-date=3 February 2012|access-date=|website=Northern Lights|publisher=Joe Lynn & Russ Elliot}} After leaving Renaissance in 1970, he started producing other artists: Steamhammer, folk rock band Hunter Muskett, the acoustic world music group Amber, psychedelic band Saturnalia,{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/saturnalia-mn0001357602/biography|title=Saturnalia - Biography - AllMusic|author=Richie Unterberger|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=15 January 2015}} and blues rock band Medicine Head (with whom he also played bass guitar).{{cite web|url=http://first-thoughts.org/on/Keith+Relf/|title=Keith Relf|publisher=First-thoughts.org|access-date=15 January 2015}} In 1974, he formed progressive/rock group Armageddon. Their self-titled debut, Armageddon, was recorded in England and released in the United States on A&M Records. The album's original liner notes used the term "supergroup"; their personnel (besides Relf) included drummer Bobby Caldwell (previously a member of Captain Beyond and Johnny Winter's band), guitarist Martin Pugh (from Steamhammer, The Rod Stewart Album, and later of 7th Order),{{cite web|url=http://www.7thorder.com|title=7th Order Home Page|publisher=7thorder.com|access-date=15 January 2015}} and bassist Louis Cennamo (also formerly of Renaissance and Steamhammer).{{cite web|url=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2013/05/01/forgotten-series-armageddon-featuring-the-yardbirds-keith-relf-armageddon-1975/|title=Forgotten series: Armageddon featuring the Yardbirds' Keith Relf – Armageddon (1975) - Something Else!|work=Something Else!|date=May 2013 |access-date=15 January 2015}}

== Personal life and death ==

In 1966, he married April Liversidge. They had two sons, Danny and Jason.{{cite web|url=http://members.madasafish.com/~relf/rock.html |title=International Relf Society: Let's Rock & Roll |publisher=Members.madasafish.com |date=2002-04-02 |access-date=2014-06-28}}

On 12 May 1976, Relf died in the basement of his home at age 33 from electrocution while playing an ungrounded electric guitar. He had had several health problems throughout his life, including emphysema and asthma. He may have been taking medications such as theophylline commonly used to treat those diseases at the time, and these drugs may have led to tachycardia and/or arrhythmia which possibly contributed to his inability to survive the electric shock.{{cite book |last=Simmonds |first=Jeremy |date=2006 |title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtpkCgAAQBAJ&q=keith+relf+earthed&pg=PA88 |location=Chicago, Illinois, USA |publisher=Chicago Review Press, Incorporated |page=88|isbn=9781613744789 }}{{cite journal |last1=Bittar |title=The arrhythmogenicity of theophylline. A multivariate analysis of clinical determinants |year=1991 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1415–1420 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036824/ |journal=Chest |doi=10.1378/chest.99.6.1415 |pmid=2036824 |access-date=4 December 2020}} His death was announced two days later on 14 May, which is sometimes erroneously listed as the date of his death.{{Cite book|last1=French |first1 = David (1966–) |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1156990166|title=Heart full of soul Keith Relf of the Yardbirds|others=Cooper, Alice, 1948-|date=29 May 2020|isbn=978-1-4766-4046-4|location=Jefferson|oclc=1156990166}}

He was buried in Richmond Cemetery.{{cite book|last=Beach|first=Darren|title=London's Cemeteries|year=2013|publisher=Metro Publications|location=London|isbn=9781902910406|pages=216–219}}

Legacy

Relf's posthumous 1992 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction with the Yardbirds was represented by his widow April, and sons Danny and Jason ("Jay").{{cite web|url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-yardbirds/|title=The Yardbirds|publisher=Rockhall.com|access-date=15 January 2015}}

Solo singles discography

Most of Relf's recordings were released under the name of the group he was in at the time. However, an early attempt was made to establish him as a solo musician, and two singles came out under his own name in 1966.{{cite web|url=http://www.keithrelf.com/relf.html|title="Golden Eggs" bootleg Interview '75|publisher=Keithrelf.com|access-date=15 January 2015}}

"Mr. Zero" / "Knowing" – UK Columbia DB7920 / U.S. Epic 10044 (May 1966)

::A-side written by Bob Lind

"Shapes in My Mind" / "Blue Sands" – UK Columbia DB8084 / US Epic 10110 (November 1966)

::B-side is an instrumental credited to Relf, but actually performed by the Outsiders (not to be confused with the US band, the Outsiders, who performed "Time Won't Let Me"). The US single featured the same version as the UK single; US promotional copies (on red vinyl) featured a complete re-edit of the song.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

A further single appeared in 1989: