Kepler Communications

Kepler Communications was founded in 2015 by four graduate students from the University of Toronto, who previously worked together on various design projects through the University of Toronto Aerospace Team. The startup was incubated at University of Toronto's Entrepreneurship Hatchery, the Creative Destruction Lab, Ryerson University's (now Toronto Metropolitan University) DMZ, and was part of the Techstars Seattle 2016 cohort.The company is named in honour of Johannes Kepler, a pioneer in the discovery of the way in which objects in space interact. He is best known for his Laws of Planetary Motion.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Kepler was able to raise $5M in a seed round financing at Techstars, and in the span of 12 months was able to take KIPP from design to orbit. In 2018, the company successfully completed their Series A financing round, raising a total of $16M USD. The round was led by Costanoa Ventures, with participation by Deutsche Bahn's (DB) Digital Ventures as a strategic investor.It was followed by Series B funding, in which the company raised around US$60M, led by Tribe Capital in 2021. In April 2023, Kepler announced a successful Series C funding round of US$92 million, bringing its total amount of equity raised to over US$200 million. The round is led by IA Ventures and also backed by Costanoa Ventures, Canaan Partners, Tribe Capital, BDC Capital's Industrial Innovation Venture Fund, and others.{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |date=2023-04-13 |title=Kepler Communications raises $92 million for optical data relay network |url=https://spacenews.com/kepler-communications-raises-92-million-for-optical-data-relay-network/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Swinhoe |first=Dan |date=2023-04-14 |title=Kepler Communications raises $92 million for optical satellite relay network |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/kepler-communications-raises-92-million-for-optical-satellite-relay-network/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Data Center Dynamics}}

The company started as a builder of a shoebox-sized satellites constellation based on the CubeSat standard to deliver connectivity to other satellites and ground-based stations, allowing for near real-time exchange of data from IoT devices, large scale data backhaul (store-and-forward) services, and ultimately command and control for other space-based assets.

With its Series B funding round, the company started establishing its presence in the United States of America in 2018. Kepler Communication shifted its focus from IoT to optical constellation technology in 2020 and began to provide Internet connectivity for space-generated data and communications for in-space assets. Since its switch to integrated optical technology, the company has been using its Gen-2 satellites, which are bigger than previous CubeSat standards and weigh over 100 kilograms.

Kepler uses optical as its key technology for building space communication networks. Its test satellites, KIPP, CASE, and TARS, were constructed by Glasgow-based AAC. Kepler then started to develop its operational satellites in-house. In 2022, the company signed a contract with Germany's Tesat-Spacecom to build an in-space communication network with its laser communication terminals.{{Cite web |last=Jewett |first=Rachel |date=2022-06-09 |title=Kepler Selects Tesat Optical Inter-Satellite Links for Constellation |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/technology/2022/06/09/kepler-selects-tesat-optical-inter-satellite-links-for-constellation/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Via Satellite |language=en}} In addition, Kepler Communications began its partnership with Houston-based AXIOM Space and Broomfield-based Skyloom Global to initiate Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISLs) in the following year.{{Cite web |last=Jewett |first=Rachel |date=2023-12-19 |title=Axiom Space Partners With Kepler and Skyloom to Demonstrate Optical Inter-Satellite Links |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/space-economy/2023/12/19/axiom-space-partners-with-kepler-and-skyloom-to-demonstrate-optical-inter-satellite-links/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Via Satellite |language=en}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.keplercommunications.com/services/global-data|title=Kepler Communications Inc.|website=www.keplercommunications.com|access-date=2019-06-12}}

File:KIPP Rocket Launch 1.jpg

Bearing the same name of the company, the Kepler constellation is a constellation of cubesats for Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) and inter-satellite communications services. The first three cubesats sent in orbit served as technology demonstrator and were built in a 3U format. The first two of them (KIPP and CASE) were built by AAC Clyde Space{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/kepler-1.htm |title=KIPP, CASE (Kepler 0, 1) |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=Gunter's Space Page}} while the third (TARS) by ÅAC Microtec,{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/kepler-3.htm |title=TARS (Kepler 2, IOD 5) |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=Gunter's Space Page}} and they have been named after the fictitious US Marine Corps robots of the same name in the 2014 film “Interstellar”.{{Citation|title=Interstellar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816692/|access-date=2019-06-12}} KIPP and CASE, which travel at speeds in excess of 7 kilometers per second, have software installed to compensate for Doppler shift.{{cite journal |first=Mina |last=Mitry |year=2020 |title=Routers In Space |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=43}}

The operational satellites are built on a 6U format and they're based on the Spartan cubesat platform, developed by Kepler Communications in cooperation with UTIAS-SFL. As of April 2023 the constellation has grown to include, in addition to the three pathfinders, 18 operational satellites.{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/kepler-4.htm |title=Kepler 4, ..., 21 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=Gunter's Space Page}} Company officials have stated a goal of growing their constellation up to 140 units,{{cite journal |first=Mina |last=Mitry |year=2020 |title=Routers In Space |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=40}} all located in Sun-Synchronous polar orbits, approximately 575 km above the Earth's surface.

The Kepler Network, previously known as the Aether Network, is the company's optical constellation based on data relay Gen-2 satellites to provide in-space real-time connectivity for orbiting spacecraft moving past the need to rely on ground stations.{{cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |url=https://spacenews.com/kepler-plots-relay-network-to-serve-thousands-of-satellite-terminals/ |title=Kepler plots relay network to serve thousands of satellite terminals |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=SpaceNews.com}} It will be able to provide data on-demand at up to 2.5 Gigabit-per-second for the end-user through a combination of optical, S-band, and Ku-band technologies.{{cite web |url=https://spaceref.com/press-release/kepler-selects-tesat-to-provide-optical-terminals-for-next-generation-constellation/ |title=Kepler Selects TESAT to Provide Optical Terminals for Next Generation Constellation |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=SpaceRef}} Access to the network will be granted to third-party satellites and other spacecraft equipped with SDA-compatible optical terminals.{{cite web |last=Boucher |first=Mark |url=https://spaceq.ca/spire-global-to-use-kepler-communications-aether-ku-payload-on-up-to-50-satellites/ |title=Spire Global to use Kepler Communications Aether-KU payload on up to 50 satellites |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=SpaceQ}}{{cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |url=https://spacenews.com/kepler-validates-intersatellite-data-relay-terminal/ |title=Kepler validates intersatellite data-relay terminal |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=SpaceNews.com}} The first two satellites of the constellation have been launched on 11 November 2023 as part of SpaceX Transporter-9 rideshare mission.{{cite web |last=Lentz |first=Danny |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/11/transporter-9/ |title=SpaceX Transporter 9 rideshare features new OTV from Tom Mueller's Impulse Space |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=NASASpaceFlight}}

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