Keres language

Keres is now considered a language isolate. In the past, Edward Sapir grouped it together with a Hokan–Siouan stock. Morris Swadesh suggested a connection with Wichita. Joseph Greenberg grouped Keres with Siouan, Yuchi, Caddoan, and Iroquoian in a superstock called Keresiouan. None of these proposals has been validated by subsequent linguistic research.

In 2013, there was an estimate total of 13,190 speakers.

{{tree list}}

• Keres
• Eastern Keres: total of 4,580 speakers (1990 census)
• Cochiti Pueblo Kotyit dialect: 600 speakers (2007)
• San Felipe Pueblo Katishtya dialect: 2,340 speakers (2007)
• Kewa Pueblo (formally Santo Domingo Pueblo) Kewa dialect: 2,850 speakers (2007)
• Zia Pueblo Ts'ia dialect: 500 speakers (2007)
• Santa Ana Pueblo Tamaiya dialect: 390 speakers (2007)
• Western Keres: total of 3,391 speakers (1990 census)
• Acoma Pueblo Áakʼu dialect: 1,930 speakers (2007)
• Laguna Pueblo Kawaika dialect: 2,060 speakers (2007)

{{tree list/end}}

Keresan has between 42 and 45 consonant sounds, and around 40 vowel sounds, adding up to a total of about 85 phonemes, depending on the analysis and the language variety. Based on the classification in the World Atlas of Language Structures, Keres is a language with a large consonant inventory.

The great number of consonants relates to the three-way distinction between voiceless, aspirated and ejective consonants (e.g. /t tʰ tʼ/), and to the larger than average{{Cite book|title=Patterns of sounds|last=Ian.|first=Maddieson|date=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521113267|location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]|oclc=10724704}} number of fricatives (i.e. /s sʼ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ h/) and affricates, the latter also showing the three-way distinction found in stops.

The large number of vowels derives from a distinction made between long and short vowels (e.g. /e eː/), as well as from the presence of tones and voicelessness. Thus, a single vowel quality may occur with seven distinct realizations: /é è e̥ éː èː êː ěː/, all of which are used to distinguish words in the language.

The chart below contains the consonants of the proto-Keresan (or pre-Keresan) from Miller & Davis (1963) based on a comparison of Acoma, Santa Ana, and Santo Domingo, as well as other features of the dialects compiled from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987), and The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and the Grammar of Laguna Keres (2005).{{Cite book|title=A Comparative Sketch of Pueblo Languages: Phonology|publisher=Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics|year=1987}}{{Cite book|title=The Phonemes of Keresan|last=Spencer|first=Robert F.|year=1946}}

:

Keresan vowels have a phonemic distinction in duration: all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964),{{Cite book|title=The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo, Smithsonian Bulletin 191, Anthropological Papers, No. 69|last=Davis|first=Irvine|year=1964}} The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987).

Notes:

• Western Keres does not have phonemic /oː/ or /o/, though both vowels may occur phonetically. Eastern Keres words containing /o/ show /au/ in Western Keres.{{Cite book|title=A study for a lexicon of Laguna Keresan|last=Valiquette|first=Hilaire|year=1990}} For instance, the first vowel in the word-sentence Sraúka̠cha̠ – “I see you”:
• Kotyit Keres: [ʂóːkʰɑ̥tʃʰɑ̥]
• Kʼawaika Keres: [ʂɑ̌ukʰɑ̥tʃʰɑ̥]

All Keresan short vowels may be devoiced in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels is controversial.{{Cite book|title=Grammar of Laguna Keres|last=Lachler|first=Jordan|publisher=University of New Mexico Dissertation|year=2005|location=Albuquerque}} Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced.

• Word-final devoicing: {{IPA|[pɑ̌ːkʊ̥]}} because
• Word-medial devoicing: {{IPA|[ʔìpʰi̥ʃɑ́]}} white paint

Acoma Keres has four lexical tones: high, low, falling and rising.{{Cite book|title=Grammar of Acoma Keresan|last=Maring|first=Joel M.|publisher=Indiana University Dissertation|year=1967}} Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones:

Most Keresan syllables take a CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native Keresan words, only a glottal stop /ʔ/ ⟨ʼ⟩ can close a syllable, but some loanwords from Spanish have syllables that end in a consonant, mostly a nasal (i.e. /m n/ but words containing these sequences are rare in the language.{{Cite journal|last=Spencer|first=Robert|date=1947|title=Spanish Loanwords in Keresan|journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology|volume=3|issue=2|pages=130–146|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.3.2.3628729|s2cid=164169397}}

Due to extensive vowel devoicing, several Keresan words may be perceived as ending in consonants or even containing consonant clusters.

• Word-internal cluster: yʼâakạ srûunị ‘stomach’ /jˀɑ̂ːkḁʂûːni/ > [jɑ̂ːkḁʂûːni] ~ [jɑ̂ːkʂûːni]
• Word-final coda: úwàakạ ‘baby’; /úwɑ̀ːkḁ/ > [úwɑ̀ːkʰḁ] ~ [úwɑ̀ːkʰ]

The only sequence of consonants (i.e. consonant cluster) that occurs in native Keresan words is a sequence of a fricative /ʃ ʂ/ and a stop or affricate. Clusters are restricted to beginnings of syllables (i.e. the syllable onset). When the alveolo-palatal consonant /ʃ/ occurs as C₁, it combines with alveolar and palatal C₂, whereas the retroflex alveolar /ʂ/ precedes bilabial and velar C₂s, which suggest a complementary distribution. Consonant clusters may occur both word-initially and word-medially.

Traditional Keresan beliefs postulate that Keres is a sacred language that must exist only in its spoken form.{{Cite journal|last=Brandt|first=Elizabeth|date=1981|title=Native American Attitudes toward Literacy and Recording in the Southwest|journal=Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest|volume=4 |issue=2|pages=185–195}} The language's religious connotation and years of persecution of Pueblo religion by European colonizers may also explain why no unified orthographic convention exists for Keresan. However, a practical spelling system has been developed for Laguna (Kʼawaika) and more recently for Acoma (Áakʼu) Keres,{{cite web|url=http://keres.co/|title=The Keres Language Project|website=The Keres Language Project|access-date=2018-03-18}} both of which are remarkably consistent.

In the Keres spelling system, each symbol represents a single phoneme. The letters ⟨c q z f⟩ and sometimes also ⟨v⟩ are not used. Digraphs represent both palatal consonants (written using a sequence of C and ⟨y⟩), and retroflex consonants, which are represented using a sequence of C and the letter ⟨r⟩. These graphemes used for writing Western Keres are shown between ⟨...⟩ below.

Signs at Acoma Pueblo sometimes use special diacritics for ejective consonants that differ from the symbols above, as shown in the table:

File:Ts'ikum'a K'aiya museum.jpg

Vowel sounds are represented straightforwardly in the existing spellings for Keresan. Each vowel sound is written using a unique letter or digraph (for long vowels and diphthongs). However, there are two competing representations for the vowel /ɨ/. Some versions simply use the IPA ⟨ɨ⟩ whereas others use the letter ⟨v⟩ (the sound /v/ as in veal does not occur in Keresan). Voiceless vowels have also been represented in two ways; either underlined or with a dot below (see table).

Tone may or may not be represented in the orthography of Keresan. When represented, four diacritics may be used above the vowel. Unlike the system used for Navajo, diacritics for tone are not repeated in long vowels.

Although Keresan is not normally written, there exists one dictionary of the language in which words are listed in any given order. In this [http://dictionary.keres.co/ dictionary] of Western Keres, digraphs count as single letters, although ejective consonants are not listed separately; occurring after their non-ejective counterparts. The symbol for the glottal stop ⟨ʼ⟩, for long vowels (e.g. ⟨aa ee ii⟩ etc.) are not treated as separate letters.

Letters〈f q x z〉are not used to write Keres, whereas the letters ⟨ɨ o v⟩ are only used in some dialects.

;Woodpecker and Coyote

:⟨Ái dítʼîishu srbígà kʼánâaya dyáʼâʼu. Shʼée srbígà ái dyěitsị ái náyáa shdyɨ dyáʼa.⟩

:/ ɑ́ì títʼîːʃù ʂpíkɑ̀ kʼɑ́nɑ̂ːjɑ̀ cɑ́ʔɑ̂ʔù | ʃʼéː ʂpíkɑ̀ ɑ́ì cěǐtsʰi̥ ɑ́ì nɑ́jɑ́ː ʃcɨ̀ cɑ́ʔɑ̀ /

;Boas text

:Baanaʼa, egu kauʼseeʼe, atsi sʼaama-ee srayutse.

Keresan is a split-ergative language in which verbs denoting states (i.e. stative verbs) behave differently from those indexing actions, especially in terms of the person affixes they take. This system of argument marking is based on a split-intransitive pattern, in which subjects are marked differently if they are perceived as actors than from when they are perceived as undergoers of the action being described.

The morphology of Keresan is mostly prefixing, although suffixes and reduplication also occur. Keresan distinguishes nouns, verbs, numerals and particles as word classes. Nouns in Keresan do not normally distinguish case or number, but they can be inflected for possession, with distinct constructions for alienable and inalienable possession. Other than possession, Keresan nouns show no comprehensive noun classes.

Keresan is a verb-final language, though word order is rather flexible.

{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes|style4=font-variant: small-caps;

|top= Laguna Keres:

|John Bill gukacha

|J. B. g-Ø-ukacha

|John Bill 3S-3S-see

|subject object verb

|'John saw Bill.'}}

Negation is doubly marked in Keresan. In addition to the adverb dzaadi, verbs index negation through a suffix (e.g. -u).

• Gukacha 'S/he saw her/him'
• Dzaadi gukachau 'S/he didn't see her/him'

The verb is a central grammatical category in Keres, conveying the most information about events in communicative acts. Through its morphemes, Keresan verbs code not only person and number of the initiator of the action (e.g. “Tammy drinks decaf”) as is common in Indo-European languages, but also how the initiator is implicated in the action. For instance, the three verbs that describe Tammy's actions in “Tammy kicked the ball” vs. “Tammy jumped” vs. “Tammy sneezed” require different levels of effort from Tammy, that is when kicking vs. jumping vs. sneezing.

Additionally, the person and number of the undergoer of the action are all coded on the verb (e.g. the word gukacha means “S/he sees her/him”, a full sentence in English). The ways the speaker assesses the action (i.e. evidentiality, as in “I think Tammy arrived from class” vs. “Tammy arrived from class”). Finally, the internal temporal structure of the action (i.e. aspect, as in “Tammy was sneezing in class” vs. “Tammy sneezed in class”) is also coded in Keresan verbs.

According to Maring (1967), the Keresan verb is organized around the following grammatical categories (pp. 39–40)

• Subject/Object relations
• Subject of intransitive verbs: marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below).
• Subject of transitive verbs: marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below).
• Object of transitive verbs: marked by a prefix that combines with the subject prefix, or by a suffix
• Number relations
• Singular: usually marked by a prefix
• Dual: can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication or by suffixes
• Plural: can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication, by suffixes or by suppletive stem forms (i.e. singular and plural forms are not related etymologically)
• Temporal relations
• Future: is marked on the verb by a series of prefixes that also encode number
• Modality relations
• Indicative
• Dubitative
• Hortative
• Negative hortative
• Negative
• Future negative
• Voice relations
• Active
• Passive
• Reflexive
• Reciprocal
• Aspect
• Imperfective
• Inceptive
• Repetitive
• Continuative
• Habitual
• Inchoative
• Perfective

In Keres, the verbal prefix carries information from five different grammatical categories: argument role, modality, polarity, person and number. That is, a single Keresan verb prefix codes who initiated the action and how implicated that entity is (the subject/case), whom underwent the effects of the action (the direct object), the speaker's assessment of the action (the modality){{Cite book|title=The evolution of grammar : tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world|last=L.|first=Bybee, Joan|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|others=Perkins, Revere D. (Revere Dale), Pagliuca, William.|isbn=0226086631|location=Chicago|oclc=29387125}} and whether it occurred or not (polarity). On the other hand, information about when the action took place (i.e. tense) is expressed elsewhere in a clause, mostly by adverbs.

Keresan verbs distinguish three numbers: singular, dual (two entities) and plural (more than two entities); and four persons: first (the speaker), second (the hearer), third (a known, definite or salient entity being talked about) and fourth (a non-salient, unknown or indefinite entity being talked about, also known as obviative) persons. The plural and dual forms are often marked by reduplication of part of the stem (gukacha ‘s/he saw it’ vs guʼukacha ‘the two of them saw it’).

Languages encode two main types of actions: those in which the main participant initiates an action that produces change in an object (e.g. kick a ball, buy a gift, cook a dish, read a book); and those in which the action produces no (perceived) change in the world or that have no object (sneezing, breathing, growing, diving, etc.).{{Cite book|title=Syntax : an introduction. Volume 1|author=Givón, Talmy|date=2001|publisher=J. Benjamins|isbn=1588110656|edition= Rev.|location=Amsterdam|oclc=70727915}} Actions that take an object are encoded by transitive verbs, whereas those that take no object are expressed via intransitive verbs.

In Indo-European languages like English, all intransitive verbs behave similarly (‘They sneeze/breathe/dive/think’/etc.). In Keresan, actions that take no object are conceptualized in two distinct ways depending on how the initiator of the action is implicated. More active-like intransitive verbs (e.g. ‘to sneeze’) are coded through one set of morphemes, whereas actions conceptualized as involving the initiator at a lesser degree (e.g. ‘to believe’) are coded using a separate set of prefixes.

Ideas expressed in Indo-European languages with adjectives are most often encoded by verbs in Keresan. That is, in Keresan one express the idea in the sentence ‘He is selfish’ by saying something along the lines of ‘He selfishes’. In such “actions”, the entity that is characterized by them is not implicated in the action directly (i.e. it's beyond their control), and thus belong in the Inactive intransitive category. The different sets of prefixes are shown below:

Aspect in Keresan is signalled by suffixes.

The category of tense is expressed in Keresan via adverbs that indicate when the action about which one is speaking took place.

New words are coined through a number of roots that are combined to pre-existing ones. Compounding is a common strategy for word building, although derivation also occurs.

The Keresan numeral system is a base 10 system. Numerals 11–19, as well as those between the multiple of tens, are formed by adding the word kʼátsi (/ kʼátsʰɪ / 'ten') followed by the word dzidra (/tsɪtʂa/ 'more'). Numerals 20 and above are formed by adding a multiplicative adverb (-wa or -ya) to the base number and the word kʼátsi.

European colonizers arriving in the Southwest US brought with them material culture and concepts that were unknown to the peoples living in the area. Words for the new ideas introduced by Spaniards were often borrowed into Keres directly from Early Modern Spanish, and a large number of these persists in Modern Keresan.

==Proto-language==

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Keresan

| familycolor = American

| ancestor =

| target = Keresan languages

}}

Selected Proto-Keresan reconstructions of plants, animals, and toponyms by Miller and Davis (1963){{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/464748|doi=10.1086/464748|title=Proto-Keresan Phonology|year=1963|last1=Miller|first1=Wick R.|last2=Davis|first2=Irvine|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=29|issue=4|pages=310–330|s2cid=143519987|url-access=subscription}} are given below. The IPA transcription is based on the authors' description. Underlined consonants in reconstructions refer to uncertainties by the authors regarding aspiration (p. 312); these are shown as capitalized consonants in the IPA.

:

Keres was one of the seven languages sung in the Coca-Cola "It's Beautiful" commercial during the 2014 Super Bowl featuring "America the Beautiful".{{Cite news

| title = Native Language Spotlighted During Coca-Cola Super Bowl Ad

| work = Indian Country Today Media Network

| access-date = 2014-02-26

| date = 2014-02-03

| url = http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/02/03/native-language-spotlighted-during-coca-cola-super-bowl-ad-153398

| archive-date = 2014-03-01

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140301192633/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/02/03/native-language-spotlighted-during-coca-cola-super-bowl-ad-153398

| url-status = dead

}}

• Keresan Sign Language

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin |2}}

• {{cite journal |last=Boas |first=Franz |date=1923 |title=A Keresan text |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=3–4 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1086/463743 |s2cid=144375478 }}
• {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |date=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics |volume=4 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509427-5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Irvine |date=1963 |title=Bibliography of Keresan linguistic sources |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=289–293 |doi=10.1086/464745 |s2cid=145202838 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Irvine |date=1964 |title=The language of Santa Ana Pueblo |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin1911964smit/page/n88 |periodical=Anthropological Papers |series=Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology) |volume=191 |issue=69 |pages=53–190 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |issn=0082-8882 |via=U.S. Government Printing Office }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Irvine |date=1966 |title=Acoma Grammar and Texts. Wick R. Miller |department=Review |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=810–811 |doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.3.02a00450 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Irvine |date=1968 |title=Acoma Grammar and Texts. By Wick R. Miller |department=Review |journal=Language |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=185–189 |doi=10.2307/411485 |jstor=411485 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Irvine |date=1974 |title=Keresan–Caddoan comparisons |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=265–267 |doi=10.1086/465321 |s2cid=143862548 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Hawley |first=Florence |date=1950 |title=Keresan patterns of kinship and social organization |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=499–512 |doi=10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00050 |doi-access= }}
• {{cite journal |last=Kroskrity |first=Paul V. |date=1983 |title=On male and female speech in the Pueblo Southwest |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=88–91 |doi=10.1086/465769 |s2cid=144870648 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Lachler |first=Jordan |title=A grammar of Laguna Keres |date=2006 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of New Mexico |isbn=978-05-4273622-3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Maring |first=Joel M. |date=1975 |chapter=Speech variation in Acoma Keresan |editor-last1=Kinkade |editor-first1=M. Dale |editor-last2=Hale |editor-first2=Kenneth L. |editor-last3=Werner |editor-first3=Oswald |title=Linguistics and Anthropology: In Honor of C. F. Voegelin |location=Lisse, Netherlands |publisher=Peter de Ridder Press |pages=473–485 |isbn=978-90-316-0079-3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Mickey |first=Barbara H. |date=1956 |title=Acoma kinship terms |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.12.3.3629083 |s2cid=156497463 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Wick R. |date=1959 |title=Some notes on Acoma kinship terminology |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=179–184 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.15.2.3628805 |s2cid=146921018 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Wick R. |date=1959 |title=Spanish loanwords in Acoma: I |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=147–153 |doi=10.1086/464521 |s2cid=222527399 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Wick R. |date=1960 |title=Spanish loanwords in Acoma: II |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1086/464552 |s2cid=224808846 }}
• {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Wick R. |date=1965 |title=Acoma Grammar and Texts |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |volume=40 |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |issn=0068-6484 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Wick R. |last2=Davis |first2=Irvine |date=1963 |title=Proto-Keresan phonology |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=310–330 |doi=10.1086/464748 |s2cid=143519987 }}
• {{cite book |last=Mithun |first=Marianne |date=1999 |title=The Languages of Native North America |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sims |first1=Christine P. |last2=Valiquette |first2=Hilaire |date=1990 |title=More on male and female speech in (Acoma and Laguna) Keresan |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=162–166 |doi=10.1086/466144 |s2cid=143626730 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Robert F. |date=1946 |title=The phonemes of Keresan |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=229–236 |doi=10.1086/463918 |s2cid=144257720 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Robert F. |date=1947 |title=Spanish loanwords in Keresan |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=130–146 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.3.2.3628729 |s2cid=164169397 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Valiquette |first=Hilaire Paul |title=A study for a lexicon of Laguna Keresan |date=1990 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of New Mexico }}
• {{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Willard |date=1967 |title=Acoma Grammar and Texts. By Wick R. Miller |department=Review |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=254–257 |doi=10.1086/464971 }}
• {{cite journal |last=White |first=Leslie A. |date=1928 |title=Summary report of field work at Acoma |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=559–568 |doi=10.1525/aa.1928.30.4.02a00020 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Yumitani |first=Yukihiro |date=1987 |title=A comparative sketch of Pueblo languages: Phonology |journal=Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=12 |pages=119–139 |doi=10.17161/KWPL.1808.514 |doi-access=free |hdl=1808/514 |hdl-access=free }}

{{refend}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Keresan reconstructions}}

• [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4402/24/keres.html.txt Nathan Romero, "Chochiti Keres: About Me and My Language: The politics of saving a vanishing language: The politics of writing"], Language Documentation Training Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa (UHM)
• {{cite book|author=John Menaul|title=Child's catechism in English and Laguna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5NAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1880}}
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=hmI1AQAAMAAJ&q=keres+language Grammatical and Lexical Notes on the Keres Language (Acoma-Laguna Dialect) of the Keresan Stock]
• [http://www.suduva.com/english_acoma_words.htm English-Queres Language Vocabulary]
• [http://keres.co Keres Language Project] – [http://dictionary.keres.co Keres Audio Dictionary]

{{Language families}}

{{Languages of New Mexico}}

{{North American languages}}

{{Indigenous Peoples of NM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keresan Languages}}

Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest

Category:Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States

Category:Indigenous languages of New Mexico

Category:Pueblo peoples

Category:Acoma Pueblo

Category:Laguna Pueblo

Category:Language families

Category:Language isolates of North America

Category:Pueblo linguistic area