Kernel (neurotechnology company)#Kernel Flow
{{short description|American neurotechnology company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HI, LLC
| trade_name = Kernel
| logo = Kernel-logo.png
| type = Private
| foundation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| founder = Bryan Johnson
| location = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| key_people =
| homepage = {{url|https://kernel.com}}
}}
HI, LLC, doing business as Kernel, is an American company that has developed a non-invasive neuroimaging technology. It is a privately held company headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The company was founded in 2016 by Bryan Johnson.{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=5 May 2020 |title=A Neuroscience Startup Uses Helmets to Measure Brain Activity |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-05/brain-startup-wants-to-read-your-mind-with-a-helmet |access-date=2020-07-09 }}{{cite web |last1=Mannes |first1=John |date=2016-10-20 |title=Bryan Johnson Invests $100 Million In Kernel To Unlock The Power Of The Human Brain |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/20/bryan-johnson-invests-100-million-in-kernel-to-unlock-the-power-of-the-human-brain/ |access-date=2017-04-04 |publisher=TechCrunch}}
History
Johnson founded Kernel in 2016 with a $54 million investment and began researching neuroprosthetics, devices implanted into the brain that mimic, substitute, or assist brain functions.
In May 2020, Kernel introduced two brain-activity monitoring devices, Flux and Flow.{{Cite news|last=Hoyle|first=Ben|title=Secret team invent helmet to read the mind|newspaper=The Times|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/technology/article/secret-team-invent-helmet-to-read-the-mind-3tjtrfx6d|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0140-0460}} The Flow device can both see and record brain activity.{{cite web|last1=Statt|first1=Nick|title=Kernel Is Trying To Hack The Human Brain - But Neuroscience Has A Long Way To Go|date=2017-02-22|publisher=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/22/14631122/kernel-neuroscience-bryan-johnson-human-intelligence-ai-startup|access-date=2017-04-04}}{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@bryan_johnson/kernel-acquires-krs-to-build-next-generation-neural-interfaces-d5dd60662b6c|title=Kernel Acquires KRS to Build Next-Generation Neural Interfaces|last=Johnson|first=Bryan|date=2017-02-22|website=Medium|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302182053/https://medium.com/@bryan_johnson/kernel-acquires-krs-to-build-next-generation-neural-interfaces-d5dd60662b6c|url-status=dead}}
Kernel also introduced "Sound ID," a software that can tell what speech or song a person is listening to just from brain data. The company was featured in the 2020 documentary, I Am Human, about brain–machine interfaces.{{Cite magazine|title=Brain-Machine Interfaces Could Give Us All Superpowers|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/i-am-human-brain-implants/|access-date=2020-07-10|issn=1059-1028}} Kernel raised $53 million in 2020.{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=Kernel raises $53 million to bring neuroscience insights to businesses|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/07/09/kernel-raises-53-million-to-make-neuroscience-insights-accessible-to-businesses/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}
= Kernel Flow =
Kernel Flow is a wearable time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) system.{{cite book |last1=Ban |first1=Han Y. |last2=Barrett |first2=Geoffry M. |last3=Borisevich |first3=Alex |last4=Chaturvedi |first4=Ashutosh |last5=Dahle |first5=Jacob L. |last6=Dehghani |first6=Hamid |last7=DoValle |first7=Bruno |last8=Dubois |first8=Julien |last9=Field |first9=Ryan |last10=Gopalakrishnan |first10=Viswanath |last11=Gundran |first11=Andrew |last12=Henninger |first12=Michael |last13=Ho |first13=Wilson C. |last14=Hughes |first14=Howard D. |last15=Jin |first15=Rong |last16=Kates-Harbeck |first16=Julian |last17=Landy |first17=Thanh |last18=Lara |first18=Antonio H. |last19=Leggiero |first19=Michael |last20=Lerner |first20=Gabriel |last21=M. Aghajan |first21=Zahra |last22=Moon |first22=Michael |last23=Ojeda |first23=Alejandro |last24=Olvera |first24=Isai |last25=Ozturk |first25=Meric |last26=Park |first26=Sangyong |last27=Patel |first27=Milin J. |last28=Perdue |first28=Katherine L. |last29=Poon |first29=Wing |last30=Sheldon |first30=Zachary P. |last31=Siepser |first31=Benjamin |last32=Sorgenfrei |first32=Sebastian |last33=Sun |first33=Nathan |last34=Szczepanski |first34=Victor |last35=Zhang |first35=Mary |last36=Zhu |first36=Zhenye |title=Integrated Sensors for Biological and Neural Sensing |chapter=Kernel Flow: A high channel count scalable TD-fNIRS system |editor1-first=Hooman |editor1-last=Mohseni |date=2021-03-05 |volume=11663 |pages=23 |doi=10.1117/12.2582888 |bibcode=2021SPIE11663E..0BB |isbn=9781510641617 |s2cid=233784807 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349827699 |access-date=1 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=von Lühmann |first1=Alexander |last2=Zheng |first2=Yilei |last3=Ortega-Martinez |first3=Antonio |last4=Kiran |first4=Swathi |last5=Somers |first5=David C. |last6=Cronin-Golomb |first6=Alice |last7=Awad |first7=Louis N. |last8=Ellis |first8=Terry D. |last9=Boas |first9=David A. |last10=Yücel |first10=Meryem A. |title=Toward Neuroscience of the Everyday World (NEW) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy |journal=Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering |date=June 2021 |volume=18 |pages=100272 |doi=10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100272 |pmid=33709044 |pmc=7943029 }} fNIRs uses infrared light to measure changes in the oxygenation of blood, which is a proxy for neural activity. Kernel Flow can achieve a 200 Hz sampling rate.{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Meri |title=Shedding Light on the Human Brain |journal=OSA Optics and Photonics News |date=1 April 2021 |volume=32 |issue=4 |page=26 |doi=10.1364/OPN.32.4.000026 |bibcode=2021OptPN..32d..26K |s2cid=233531121 |url=https://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_32/april_2021/features/shedding_light_on_the_human_brain/ |access-date=2 June 2021|url-access=subscription }} The spatial resolution of f-NIRS is strongly limited by scattering, with most existing f-NIRS systems having resolutions > 2 cm.
Operations
Kernel plans to read and write the underlying functions of the brain.{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Bryan|title=The Combination of Human and Artificial Intelligence Will Define Humanity's Future|date=2016-10-12|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/12/the-combination-of-human-and-artificial-intelligence-will-define-humanitys-future/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=2017-04-04}}{{cite magazine|last1=Metz|first1=Cade|title=Elon Musk Isn't The Only One Trying To Computerize Your Brain|date=2017-03-31|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/elon-musks-neural-lace-really-look-like/|access-date=2017-04-04}}
As of 2019, the company is researching neurological diseases and dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, depression and anxiety.{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Bryan|title=Kernel Acquires KRS to Build Next-Generation Neural Interfaces|date=2017-02-22|url=https://medium.com/@bryan_johnson/kernel-acquires-krs-to-build-next-generation-neural-interfaces-d5dd60662b6c|publisher=Medium|access-date=2017-04-04|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302182053/https://medium.com/@bryan_johnson/kernel-acquires-krs-to-build-next-generation-neural-interfaces-d5dd60662b6c|url-status=dead}} Kernel is one of several companies researching links between the human brain and computer interfaces, including Neuralink, Precision Neuroscience, Synchron, and Facebook.{{cite web|last1=Regalado|first1=Antonio|title=The Entrepreneur With The $100 Million Plan To Link Brains To Computers|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603771/the-entrepreneur-with-the-100-million-plan-to-link-brains-to-computers/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=2017-03-16|access-date=2017-04-04}} Kernel also offers neuroscience as a service to scientists and businesses, conducting subject testing at their office.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://kernel.co Official website]
Category:Brain–computer interface