Kh-101
{{short description|Russian air-launched cruise missile}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = Kh-101/102
AS-23 Kodiak
| image = H101 missile.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Kh-101 missile. Above: as transported. Middle: as fired.
| origin = Russia
| type = Air-launched cruise missile
| used_by = Russian Aerospace Forces
| wars = {{Tree list}}
- Syrian Civil War{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2015/11/17/russian-tu-22s-joined-the-syria-air-war/|title=25 Russian long-range strategic bombers in action over Syria for the very first time|date=17 November 2015|website=Theaviationist.com|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120031928/http://theaviationist.com/2015/11/17/russian-tu-22s-joined-the-syria-air-war/|url-status=live}}
- Russo-Ukrainian War
- Russian invasion of Ukraine
{{Tree list/end}}
| design_date =
| manufacturer = MKB Raduga
| propellant = jet fuel
| production_date =
| unit_cost = $1.1 million (domestic cost, FY 2024)
| service =
| engine = TRDD-50A turbojet
| engine_power = 450 kgf
| weight = {{convert|2400|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Kh-101)
| length = {{convert|745|cm|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} (Kh-101)
| diameter =
| wingspan =
| speed = Mach 0.6-0.78 (Kh-101)
| vehicle_range = 3,500 km
| altitude =
| filling = Conventional 400 kg (Kh-101)
Thermonuclear (Kh-102)
| yield =
| guidance = inertial guidance with Doppler radar/terrain map updates
| launch_platform = Tu-95MS, Tu-160
}}
The Kh-101 ({{Langx|ru|Х-101}}; NATO reporting name: AS-23 "Kodiak") is a Russian subsonic air-launched cruise missile. Designed in the 1990s, it underwent testing in the 2000s and entered service in the 2010s, seeing use in the Syrian Civil War and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Kh-102 is a strategic version of the Kh-101, armed with a nuclear warhead; it has not been used.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
Development
In the late 1980s work began on a replacement for the Kh-55 cruise missile, with either conventional (Kh-101) or nuclear (Kh-102) warheads{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html | title=Kh-101/-102 | journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems | date=2008-09-08 | access-date=2009-02-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080804151642/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html |archive-date = August 4, 2008}} and greater stealth. The new missile was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga.{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/extract/jdw95/jdw01140.html |title=Air Force Priority Given To Conventional Cruise |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |date=1995-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604084412/http://www.janes.com/extract/jdw95/jdw01140.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 }} The importance of advanced missiles as "force multipliers" increased as Russia's fleet of available cruise-missile bombers declined in the early 1990s.{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Kh-101-Kh-102-Russian-Federation.html | title=Kh-101, Kh-102 (Russian Federation), Air-to-surface missiles - Stand-off and cruise |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |date=2008-07-28 |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604101737/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Kh-101-Kh-102-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 }} The cancellation of the ambitious Kh-90 ramjet missile due to the INF Treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving on the Kh-55, in particular to achieve the <20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional{{snd}}as opposed to nuclear{{snd}}warheads. The first flight of the Kh-101 was in 1998, and evaluation trials started in 2000.
The first tests were conducted in 1995 and the missile was accepted for service in 2012.{{cite web |title=Х-101/102, крылатые ракеты |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/1357/72318/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307134019/https://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/1357/72318/ |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=Arms-expo.ru}} The first pictures of the Kh-101 appeared in 2007.{{cite web|date=26 May 2005 |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/26may2005/x555.html|title=В России прошли испытания высокоточной ракеты Х-555, которая "попадает прямо в окно"|website=NEWSru.com|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022931/http://www.newsru.com/russia/26may2005/x555.html|url-status=live}}{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jdw/jdw071022_1_n.shtml |title=Details emerge of Russia's latest cruise missiles |journal=Jane's Defence Systems News |date=2007-10-22 |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225163154/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jdw/jdw071022_1_n.shtml |archive-date=February 25, 2008 }}
Design
File:Tu95MSM "Super Modern" (24912829706).jpg]]
The Kh-101/102 is specifically designed for air launch, abandoning the circular fuselage cross-section of the Kh-55 for a nose and forward fuselage section aerodynamically shaped to produce lift. It is {{convert|7.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} long with a launch weight of {{convert|2200-2400|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and is equipped with a {{convert|400|kg|lb|abbr=on}} high-explosive, penetrating, or cluster warhead, or a 250 kt nuclear warhead for the Kh-102. The missile is powered by a TRDD-50A turbojet producing 450 kgf of thrust to cruise at {{convert|700-720|km/h|Mach|abbr=on}} with a maximum speed of {{convert|970|km/h|Mach|abbr=on}} while flying 30–70 m above the ground, and hit fixed targets using a pre-downloaded digital map for terrain following and GLONASS/INS for trajectory correction to achieve accuracy of 6–10 meters; it is claimed to be able to hit small moving targets such as vehicles using a terminal electro-optical sensor or imaging infrared system. The missiles are equipped with an onboard EW defence system as of late 2018.[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-field-kh-101-cruise-missile-next-year-376954/ Russia to field Kh-101 cruise missile next year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082924/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-field-kh-101-cruise-missile-next-year-376954/|date=29 November 2016}} - Flightglobal.com, 27 September 2012[http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/ready-war-russias-stealthy-kh-101-cruise-missile-debuts-14387 Ready for War: Russia's Stealthy Kh-101 Cruise Missile Debuts in Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082844/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/ready-war-russias-stealthy-kh-101-cruise-missile-debuts-14387|date=29 November 2016}} - Nationalinterest.org, 18 November 2015[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-bombers-deploy-kh-101-cruise-missiles-over-s-419305/ Russian bombers deploy Kh-101 cruise missiles over Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123044954/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-bombers-deploy-kh-101-cruise-missiles-over-s-419305/|date=23 November 2015}} - Flightglobal.com, 19 November 2015[http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-11-20/latest-russian-strikes-syria-employ-new-cruise-missile Latest Russian Strikes on Syria Employ New Cruise Missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305033444/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-11-20/latest-russian-strikes-syria-employ-new-cruise-missile|date=5 March 2017}} - Ainonline.com, 20 November 2015[http://airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/august/2855-tactical-missiles-corporation-plans-to-upgrade-kh-101-cruise-missile.html Tactical Missiles Corporation plans to upgrade Kh-101 cruise missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082832/http://airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/august/2855-tactical-missiles-corporation-plans-to-upgrade-kh-101-cruise-missile.html|date=29 November 2016}} - Airrecognition.com, 18 August 2016 It has a range of around 3,500 km.{{Cite web |url=https://www.twz.com/russias-secretive-long-range-bomber-operations-against-ukraine |title=Russia’s Secretive Long-Range Bomber Operations Against Ukraine |date=2022-09-14 |website=The War Zone |last=Butowski |first=Piotr}}
The Tu-95MS can carry eight of the weapons on under-wing pylons,{{Cite web |url=https://redsamovar.com/2021/10/22/__trashed/ |title=[Actu] Modernisation du Tupolev Tu-95MS |date=2021-10-22 |website=Red Samovar}} and the Tu-160 can be outfitted with two drum launchers each loaded with six missiles.
The Kh-SD tactical version was to have been carried by the Tu-95MS (fourteen missiles) and the Tu-22M (eight missiles).{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jswsa036.html |title=Kh-65SE/Kh-SD |journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems |date=2008-09-09 |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604084914/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jswsa036.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 }}
Operational history
=Syrian Civil War=
{{Multiple image
|image1=Пуски крылатых ракет по объектам террористов в Сирии с борта Ту-160.ogv|caption1=Kh-101 launch by Tu-160 in Syria
|image2=SU-30SM escortant un Tu-160 qui lance un missile de croisière.png|caption2=A Tu-160 bomber launching a Kh-101 cruise missile against targets in Syria, November 2015
}}
In the course of the Russian bombing of Syria on 17 November 2015, Russian Defense Ministry reported that Tupolev Tu-95MS and Tupolev Tu-160 strategic bombers launched a total of 34 cruise missiles against 14 ISIL targets in Syria.{{youTube|GQh5BVcz8g8}}{{dead link|date=January 2020}} While the Tu-95MS used the Kh-55 cruise missile,{{youTube|E6ro3Yrr3Ko}} the Tu-160s were equipped with the Kh-101 in their first combat use.{{cite news|first1=Nicholas|last1=Larrinaga|title=Russia launches long-range air sorties into Syria|url=http://www.janes.com/article/56062/russia-launches-long-range-air-sorties-into-syria|access-date=18 November 2015|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=IHS Jane's 360|date=17 November 2015|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118145706/http://www.janes.com/article/56062/russia-launches-long-range-air-sorties-into-syria|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-bombers-deploy-kh-101-cruise-missiles-over-s-419305/|title=Russian bombers deploy Kh-101 cruise missiles over Syria|date=19 November 2015|website=Flightglobal.com|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202501/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-bombers-deploy-kh-101-cruise-missiles-over-s-419305/|url-status=live}}{{youTube|d48LHI6u3bY}}{{youTube|Ja_kvsngEFI}}
Russian news agency TASS reported on 17 November 2016 that modernized Tu-95MS armed with Kh-55 and Kh-101 cruise missiles had launched airstrikes against targets in Syria.{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/913141|title=Russian bombers deliver strike at terrorist strongholds in Syria — Defense Ministry|publisher=TASS|date=17 November 2016|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121072801/http://tass.com/defense/913141|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/913163|title=Russia's Tupolev-95MSM bomber delivers first-ever strike on mission to Syria|publisher=TASS|date=17 November 2016|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214724/https://tass.com/defense/913163|url-status=live}}
On 17 February 2017, Tu-95MS strategic bombers, flying from the Russian territory through the airspace of Iran and Iraq, attacked purported ISIL facilities near the Syrian city of Raqqa with the Kh-101 cruise missiles. The targets included purported militant camps and training centers as well as a command center of a major ISIL unit.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Russian Tu-95MS long-range bombers struck ISIL targets in Syria again on 5 July 2017, at a range of about 1,000 kilometers.{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKRz5NYckXE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/mKRz5NYckXE |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Dismantling of ISIS's objects by cruise missiles X-101 of strategic missile carriers Tu-95MS|publisher=Russian Defence Ministry|date=5 July 2017|access-date=12 January 2020|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{better source|reason=Youtube video posted by @user-in9ut2zu6e and not the "Russian Defence Ministry"|date=December 2023}} On 26 September 2017, Russia's Tu-95MS strategic bombers carried out further missile strikes with Kh-101 on ISIL and the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda (now known as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) in the provinces of Idlib and Deir Ezzor.{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaI0QuvgKJA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/NaI0QuvgKJA |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Нанесение авиаударов Ту-95МС крылатыми ракетами Х-101 по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии|work=Russian Defence Ministry|date=26 September 2017|access-date=12 January 2020|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
=Russian invasion of Ukraine=
File:Russian Kh-101 missile shot in Vinnytsia Oblast, 2023-01-26 (05).jpg, Ukraine]]
The Kh-101 has been used extensively in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. US Department of Defense sources claimed that they experienced a not-insignificant failure rate: "either they're failing to launch, or they're failing to hit the target, or they're failing to explode on contact."{{cite web|url=https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2022/04/ukraine-russias-air-launched-cruise-missiles-coming-up-short|title=Ukraine: Russia's air-launched cruise missiles coming up short|author=Douglas Barrie|publisher=The International Institute for Strategic Studies|date=1 April 2022|accessdate=15 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930210209/https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2022/04/ukraine-russias-air-launched-cruise-missiles-coming-up-short|url-status=live}} Ukraine at War: Paving the Road from Survival to Victory,{{Cite report|url=https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202207-ukraine-final-web_0.pdf|title=Ukraine at War - Paving the Road from Survival to Victory|first1=Jack|last1=Watling|first2=Nick|last2=Reynolds|publisher=Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI)|date=4 July 2022|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004143457/https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202207-ukraine-final-web_0.pdf|url-status=live}} a July 2022 study published by the UK Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) for Defense and Security Studies, disagreed, noting that "as far as Ukrainian military scientists can determine, this is actually quite rare", with RUSI instead attributing the high rate of downed missiles to Ukrainian interception.
On 6 March 2022, about eight Kh-101 cruise missiles launched by Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic bombers from over the Black Sea targeted the Havryshivka Vinnytsia International Airport.{{cite web|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3422140-missile-strikes-on-vinnytsia-airfield-launched-from-black-sea.html|title=Missile strikes on Vinnytsia airfield launched from Black Sea |website=ukrinform.net |date=6 March 2022|accessdate=20 September 2022|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171601/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3422140-missile-strikes-on-vinnytsia-airfield-launched-from-black-sea.html|url-status=live}}
On 14 September 2022, Ukrainian MoD reported Russian forces used eight Kh-101 cruise missiles, probably from Tu-95MS bombers, to target various hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih. This caused the water level of the Inhulets river to rise sharply.{{cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russian-missile-strike-damaged-hydraulic-structures-in-kryvyi-rih/|title=Russian missile strike damaged hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih|website=mil.in.ua|date=14 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172623/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russian-missile-strike-damaged-hydraulic-structures-in-kryvyi-rih/|url-status=live}} Previously it was reported that Kh-22 missiles had been used.{{cite web |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/09/14/water-level-of-ukraines-river-inhulets-rises-after-russia-strikes-hydraulic-structures-of-kryvyi-rih-news|title=Water level of Ukraine's river Inhulets rises after Russia strikes hydraulic structures of Kryvyi Rih|work=Novaya Gazeta|date=14 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172931/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/09/14/water-level-of-ukraines-river-inhulets-rises-after-russia-strikes-hydraulic-structures-of-kryvyi-rih-news|url-status=live}}
During the 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine Kh-101s were seen deploying decoy flares.{{cite web |url=https://www.twz.com/russian-kh-101-cruise-missile-filmed-firing-off-decoy-flares |title=Russian Kh-101 Cruise Missile Filmed Firing-Off Decoy Flares |author=Joseph Trevithick |date=29 December 2023 |website=The War Zone|language=en-US}}
According to Defense Express, analysis of wreckage and debris from a Kh-101 shot down over Ukraine in March 2024 indicates that starting from early 2024, the size of the Kh-101 warhead was increased from 450kg to 800kg. This increase was made possible by reducing the capacity of the fuel tank, which accordingly lowers the range of the missile.{{Cite web|url=https://en.defence-ua.com/analysis/russia_started_production_of_the_kh_101_with_two_warheads_making_the_missile_twice_as_dangerous-10001.html|title=russia Started Production of the Kh-101 With Two Warheads, Making the Missile Twice As Dangerous|website=en.defence-ua.com}}
During the 8 July 2024 missile attacks six Kh-101 missiles hit the building of the Artem machine building plant in Kyiv.{{Cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/07/09/ukraine-reels-after-one-of-russia-s-deadliest-air-attacks_6678837_4.html |title=Ukraine reels after one of Russia's deadliest air attacks |website=Le Monde |quote=Just before the deadly strike on Ohmatdyt, six Russian cruise missiles rained down on the Artem military components factory}}{{Cite web |title=Russian offensive campaign assessment, July 8, 2024 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-july-8-2024 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Institute for the Study of War |quote=other Russian missiles actually hit the Artem Plant during the strike|language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=ТАСС: ВС России ударили по военному заводу "Артем" в Киеве, поражен склад |url=https://rg.ru/2024/07/08/tass-v-kieve-raketnym-udarom-porazili-sklad-na-voennom-zavode-artem.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Российская газета |language=ru}} Another Russian Kh-101 missile hit the Okhmatdyt children's hospital in Kyiv in the same attack. One doctor and one adult civilian were killed{{Cite news |last=Santora |first=Marc |last2=Hoffman |first2=Brendan |date=2024-07-08 |title=Russia Strikes Children’s Hospital in Deadly Barrage Across Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/world/europe/russia-ukraine-missile-strikes-childrens-hospital.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} and 16 people, including seven children, were injured.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd162vj804go |title=Ukraine mourns after day of Russian air strikes |publisher=BBC News |date=2024-07-09 |website= |language=en-gb |author=Sean Seddon }} The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied that Russia hit the hospital and claimed the destruction was caused by a Ukrainian air defense missile. Pro-Russian sources variously described it as "an American Patriot air defense missile" or an AIM-120 AMRAAM.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2024/07/09/russian-missile-identified-in-kyiv-childrens-hospital-attack/ |title=Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children’s Hospital Attack |date=2024-07-09 |website=Bellingcat |last=Sheldon |first=Michael |last2=Fiorella |first2=Giancarlo}} Footage of the attack shows a Kh-101 cruise missile striking the hospital, with the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine assessing a direct missile hit to have been 'highly likely'.{{Cite web |last=Humayun |first=Helen Regan, Hira |date=2024-07-10 |title=UN says ‘high likelihood’ a Russian cruise missile hit Ukraine’s main children’s hospital |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/10/europe/russian-missile-strike-kyiv-hospital-un-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=CNN |language=en}} Images also showed remnants of a Kh-101 missile in the ruins of the hospital.
Financial Times reported on 10 July 2024, citing an analysis by the Office of the President of Ukraine, that Russia surged the production of Kh-101 by eight times from 56 missiles before the war to 420 missiles in 2023 and also claimed that the missile uses more than 50 Western-made components.{{cite web | title=Russian missile with foreign components targets Kyiv children’s hospital | website=Ukraine News Premier Independent English-language Source — The New Voice of Ukraine | date=2024-07-10 | url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/russian-kh-101-missile-used-to-hit-okhmatdyt-hospital-contains-western-components-financial-times-50433734.html | ref={{sfnref | Ukraine News Premier Independent English-language Source — The New Voice of Ukraine | 2024}} | access-date=2024-07-11}}{{cite web | title=FirstFT: Western parts used in type of Russian missile that hit Kyiv children’s hospital | website=Financial Times | url=https://www.ft.com/content/d2ed0281-205f-4021-bd4d-45931f9c9f7a | ref={{sfnref | Financial Times}} | access-date=2024-07-11}}{{cite web | title=x.com | website=X (formerly Twitter) | url=https://x.com/FT/status/1810954001262743662 | ref={{sfnref | X (formerly Twitter)}} | access-date=2024-07-11}}
On the early morning of September 2, 2024, 14 Kh-101 missiles, part of a larger attack from Tu-95MS planes from Volgograd, were launched. Also, on the same day, fragments of a missile, allegedly the remains of a Kh-101, were removed in Kyiv.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Sappers remove fragments of Kh-101 missile in Kyiv |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3901451-sappers-remove-fragments-of-kh101-missile-in-kyiv.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}
Variants
- Kh-101 (NATO AS-23A "Kodiak") - conventional variant. Since January 2023, 11 months after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia has made use of a Kh-101 air-launched version that releases decoy flares in flight.{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2023-12-29 |title=Russian Kh-101 Cruise Missile Filmed Firing-Off Decoy Flares |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russian-kh-101-cruise-missile-filmed-firing-off-decoy-flares |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The Drive |language=en}}
- A variant of the Kh-101 has been used in the Russo-Ukrainian War, with a second high explosive warhead containing steel fragments. Increasing the total warhead weight from 450 kg to about 800 kg, this comes at the expense of range due to reduced fuel capacity.{{cite news |author=THOMAS NEWDICK |title=Russia Now Firing Kh-101 Cruise Missiles Modified With Two Warheads At Ukraine|url=https://www.twz.com/air/russia-now-firing-kh-101-cruise-missiles-modified-with-two-warheads-at-ukraine |website=TWZ |date=8 May 2024 |accessdate=10 May 2024}}
- Kh-102 (NATO AS-23B "Kodiak") - nuclear variant.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|ASM}}
Category:Nuclear air-to-surface missiles