Khanate of Bukhara

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Khanate of Bukhara

| native_name = {{native name|fa|خانات بخارا}}
{{transliteration|fa|Khānāt-i Bukhārā}}
{{native name|chg-Arab|بخارا خانلیگی}}
{{transliteration|chg|Bukhārā Khānligi}}

| common_name = Bukhara

| era = Early modern period

| government_type = Khanate

| title_leader = Khan

| leader1 = Muhammad Shibani

| year_leader1 = 1501–1510

| leader2 = Abdullah Khan

| year_leader2 = 1583–1598

| leader3 = Baqi Muhammad Khan

| year_leader3 = 1599–1605

| leader4 = Vali Muhammad Khan

| year_leader4 = 1606–1611

| leader5 = Imam Quli Khan

| year_leader5 = 1611–1642

| leader6 = Nadr Muhammad Khan

| year_leader6 = 1642–1645

| leader7 = Muhammad Rahim (usurper)

| year_leader7 = 1747–1753

| leader8 = Abu'l-Ghazi Khan

| year_leader8 = 1758–1785

| title_deputy = Ataliq

| image_flag =

| flag_border = no

| flag =

| flag_type = War flag

| image_map = Map of the Khanate of Bukhara.png

| image_map_caption = The Khanate of Bukhara (green), c. 1598.

| capital = {{plainlist|

Samarkand {{small|(1501–1533, 1551–1556)}}
Bukhara {{small|(1533–1551, 1556–1756)}}}}

| coordinates = {{coord|39|46|N|64|26|E|display=inline,title}}

| common_languages = {{plainlist|

Persian (official, court, literature){{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sRK5CgAAQBAJ&q=official+language+khanate+of+bukhara&pg=PA58|title=Freeing from the "Territorial Trap": Re-reading the Five Stans Central Asian Discourse |first=Ulugbek |last=Azizov |date=2015|page=58|publisher=Lit |location=Zürich |isbn=978-3-643-90624-3|access-date=2017-07-22 |quote=The Bukhara Khanate as a new administrative entity was founded in 1533 and was the continuation of the Shaybanid dynasty. The khanate occupied the territory from Kashgar (west of China) to the Aral Sea, from Turkestan to the east part of Chorasan. The official language was Persian as well as Uzbek was spoken widely.}}{{cite book|first=Ira Marvin |last=Lapidus |year=2002 |title=A History of Islamic Societies |edition=2nd |page=374 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
Chagatai Turkic{{cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore |title=Language Policy of the Soviet Union |date=2003 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=1-4020-1298-5 |page=143}}}}

| religion = Islam (Sunni, Naqshbandi Sufism)

| demonym = Bukharan

| stat_pop1 = 2,000,000 est.{{cite book|title=Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia Under the Impact of Human Activities |first=Nikolai |last=Kharin |page=49 |year=2002 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |ISBN=9781402003974 |location=Dordrecht}}

| stat_year1 = 1902

| year_start = 1501

| year_end = 1785

| event_start = Muhammad Shibani conquers Bukhara from Timurid Empire

| event_end = Establishment of Emirate of Bukhara

| event1 = Establishment of Janid dynasty

| date_event1 = 1599

| event2 = Khanate is conquered by Nader Shah after Mohammad Hakim surrenders

| date_event2 = 1745

| event3 = Manghit dynasty takes control after Nader Shah dies and his empire breaks up

| date_event3 = 1747

| p1 = Timurid Empire

| p2 = Uzbek Khanate

| s1 = Emirate of Bukhara

| border_s1 = no

| s2 = Khanate of Kokand

| s3 = Durrani Empire

}}

The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) was an Uzbek{{cite book|first=Peter B. |last=Golden |year=2011 |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |title=Central Asia in World History |page=115 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=9780195338195}} state in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its capital during the reign of Ubaidullah Khan. The Khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Abu'l-Khayrid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II (r. 1557–1598).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the Janid dynasty (Astrakhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the last Genghisid descendants to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered by Nader Shah, the Shah of Iran. After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq. In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.{{cite book|author-link=Svat Soucek |last=Soucek |first=Svat |title=A History of Inner Asia |year=2000 |page=180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} The Manghits were non-Genghisid and took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan.

Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty

=Rise of Muhammad Shibani=

File:صحنه جنگ مرو میان سپاه قزلباش به فرماندهی شاه اسماعیل یکم (سمت راست) و سپاه ازبک به فرماندهی شیبک خان.jpg and Shaybāni Khān. From Chehel Sotoun palace, Isfahan.]]

The first dynasty to rule the khanate was the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, which reigned from 1501 until 1598. They were a branch of the Shibanids and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi.{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W97UwAEACAAJ |title=The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550–1702 |date=1997-07-15 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-17387-6 |pages=2–3 |language=en}} The ancestor of the ruling Abu'l-Khayrids, Abu'l Khayr Khan, established an empire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched from Siberia to the Syr Darya river. He controlled the cities of Sighnaq, Suzaq, Arquq, Uzgend, and Yassi along the Syr Darya.{{Cite book |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 5: Development in contrast, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |publisher=UNESCO |year=2003 |isbn=92-3-103876-1 |volume=5 |pages=33–36 |language=}} However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Transoxiana or Khorasan. Following his death, his empire broke up into smaller pieces led by sultans and tribal chieftains. One of these units was led by Muhammad Shibani, Abu'l Khayr's grandson. He was well-educated, had great military intellect, and desired to conquer the sedentary lands of Mawarannahr for himself.

In the 1490s Muhammad Shibani swept through Central Asia and conquered Samarqand, Bukhara, Tashkent, and Andijan from 1500 to 1503.{{Cite book |last=Bregel |first=Yuri |url=https://brill.com/view/title/7490 |title=An Historical Atlas of Central Asia |date=2003-06-27 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0121-6 |pages=50 |language=en}} One of his most ferocious enemies was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur, the Timurid prince of Ferghana. He managed to briefly occupy Samarqand from Muhammad Shibani, and attempted on two other occasions to take it. A turning point in the conflict between the two was the Battle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in Babur's defeat.

In 1505 Muhammad Shibani took Urgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation of Khwarazm. The ruler of Herat, Sultan Husayn Bayqara, attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive. When he decided to take the field, he was no longer capable of leading the army. In 1506 he died, being succeeded by his two sons (Badi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza). Despite their differences, they agreed to jointly field an army against the Uzbeks. They assembled their forces along the Murghab River, allying with Babur to crush Muhammad Shibani. In 1506 Shibani captured Balkh, and the allied Timurid force disintegrated on its own. Finally in 1507 he was able to take Herat and the rest of the Timurid lands. By this time he ousted the Timurids from Qunduz, Balkh, Khorasan, Khwarazm, and other regions and incorporated them into his empire.

File:AbdullakhanII.jpg Uzbek ruler, Abdullah Khan II.]]

However Shah Isma'il I of the newly founded Safavid Empire, wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside the city of Merv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran and Samarqand was briefly lost to Babur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory. However, Khwarazm permanently became independent, becoming the Khanate of Khiva. It was ruled by the Arabshahids, another branch of the Shibanids.{{Cite web |last=Bregel |first=Yuri |date=20 February 2009 |title=Abu'l-Khayrids |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-khayrids-dynasty |website=Encyclopædia Iranica}} Khwarazm was briefly conquered by Ubaidullah Khan (1533–1539) but shortly after it became independent once again.{{Cite book |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 5: Development in contrast, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |publisher=UNESCO |year=2003 |isbn=92-3-103876-1 |volume=5 |pages=36–37 |language=}}

Janid dynasty

File: Imamquli-khan.jpg

The Janid dynasty{{Refn|Also known as the Tuqay-Timurids.}} (descendants of Astrakhanids) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad Khan from his wife, who was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler.{{Cite journal |last=McChesney |first=R. D. |date=1980 |title=The 'Reforms' of Bāqī Muḥammad Khān |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927280 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |page=78|issn=0008-9192}}

The son of Din Muhammad Sultan – Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599–1756). Baqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with the inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs.{{cite book|last=Davidovich |first=Ye. A. |title=Istoriya monetnogo dela Sredney Azii XVII—XVIII vv. |script-title=ru:История монетного дела Средней Азии XVII—XVIII вв |location=Dushanbe |publisher=Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR |year=1964 |OCLC=21720275}}

During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet is Mashrab, writing in both Chagatai and Persian, who composed a number of poems in that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among the famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted.{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|volume=5|fascicle=2|article=Central Asia vi. In the 16th-18th Centuries|first=Robert D.|last=McChesney|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-vi|pages=176-193|access-date=7 April 2025}}

In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression "92 Uzbek tribes" is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate.{{Cite journal |last=Malikov |first=Azim |date=2020 |title='92 Uzbek Tribes' in Official Discourses and the Oral Traditions from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries |url=http://goldhorde.ru/en/stati2020-3-6/ |journal=Golden Horde Review |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=520 |doi=10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-3.515-532|doi-access=free }}

After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on 18 March 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities. According to Chekhovich, only the districts of Qarakul, Wardanzi, Wabkent, and Ghijduwan were under the new Bukharan khan, Abu'l-Fayz. Other sources report that his authority didn't stretch beyond the Bukharan citadel.{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 5: Development in contrast, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}

Janid decline and Manghit takeover

File:Registan square Samarkand.jpg: The Registan and its three madrasahs. From left to right: Ulugh Beg Madrasah (Timurid, built 1417–1421), Tilla-Qori Madrasah (built 1646–1660) and Sher-Dor Madrasah (built 1619–1636).]]

The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920.

The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in the Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfayz Khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after the flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq.

During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to Maverannahr in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving the country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns.

Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740–1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745–1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758–1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them.

In 1747, after the assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747–1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751–1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754–1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions of Hissar, Samarqand, Urgut, the Zarafshan Valley, Kulab, Jizzakh, and Ura Tepe. Within three years he was also able to subdue Zamin, Panjkent, and Falgar.{{Cite thesis |last=Saifi |first=Saifullah |date=2002 |title=The Khanate of Bukhara from c. 1800 to Russian Revolution |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144514646.pdf |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |degree=PhD|page=36}} Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan.

Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler of Nurota and the Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty. In 1753 Rahim Bi attacked Urgut and subjugated Shahr-i Sabz, Hissar, and Kulab. In 1754 he successfully incorporated Khujand, Tashkent, and Turkestan into the khanate. In November 1762, Bukharan armies conquered the town of Charjuy and subdued the Turkmen.{{Cite journal |last=Holzwarth |first=Wolfgang |title=Community Elders and State Agents: Īlbēgīs in the Emirate of Bukhara Around 1900 |url=https://www.nomadsed.de/fileadmin/user_upload/redakteure/Dateien_Intern/Archiv_AG_1/Eurasian_Studies_8__Holzwarth_.pdf |journal=Eurasian Studies |volume=IX |issue=1-2 |date=2011 |page=217}}

Culture

File: La nécropole de Tchor Bakhr (Boukhara, Ouzbékistan) (5719346105).jpg memorial complex, built under Muhammad Shaybani circa 1510, Bukhara]]

File:Ceremonial hanging IMA 50671.jpg; Indianapolis Museum of Art (US)]]

Muhammad Shibani was fond of poetry, and Turkic language collections of his poetry are extant today. There are sources that Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry in both Turkic and Persian. The "Divan" of Muhammad Shibani's poems, written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London.{{cite journal|first=A. J. E. |last=Bodrogligeti |title=Muhammad Shaybani's 'Bahru'l-huda': An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chaghatay |journal=Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher |volume=54 |date=1982 |page=1 and n. 4}}

Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". He wrote a prose work called Risale-yi maarif-i Shibani. It was written in the Turkic-Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur-Sultan (the manuscript is kept in Istanbul). Ubaydullah Khan was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with comments in the Turkic language, was a gifted singer and musician. The formation of the most significant court literary circle in Maverannahr in the first half of the 16th century is associated with the name of Ubaydullah Khan. Ubaydullah Khan himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has survived to this day.{{cite book|first=B. V. |last=Norik |chapter=Rol' shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI v. |script-chapter=ru:Роль шибанидских правителей в литературной жизни Мавераннахра XVI в. |script-title=ru: Рахмат-наме. Сборник статей к 70-летию Р. Р. Рахимова |title=Rakhmat-name. Sbornik statei k 70-letiiu R. R. Rakhimova |location=Saint Petersburg |year=2008 |page=230 |chapter-url=https://lib.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/978-5-55431-158-9/978-5-55431-158-9_14.pdf}}

Turkish historiography increased in the early 16th century, though their production were relatively few.{{sfn|Green|2019|p=135}} Muhammad Shibani Khan's reign influenced one Chagatai's Turkish historical work, the Shibani-nama, while the, Tawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusrat-nama, was sponsored by the Khan himself.{{sfn|Green|2019|p=135}} The Khan also inspired two Persian histories by Bina'i and Shadi, while patronizing the translations of six works from Persian into Chaghatai.{{sfn|Green|2019|p=135}}

In the Abu'l-Khayrid era in the Bukhara Khanate, Agha-i Buzurg or "Great Lady" was a famous scholarly woman-Sufi (she died in 1522–23), she was also called "Mastura Khatun".{{cite thesis|last=Aminova |first=Gulnora |title=Removing the Veil of Taqiyya: Dimensions of the Biography of Agha-yi Buzurg (a sixteenth-century female saint from Transoxiana) |degree=PhD |publisher=Harvard University |date=2009}}

Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established a library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces of Nastaliq and Rayhani script. He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian (kitabdar) of Bukhara's library.Khasan Nisari. Muzahir al-Ahbab{{Full citation needed|date=April 2025}}

List of rulers

=Shaybanids=

Shah Bakht Muhammad Shaybani ibn Shah Budaq ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1501–1510)
Suyunchuk Khwaja ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1511–1512) ruler in Tashkent during Safavid occupation
Kuchkunchi Muhammad ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1512–1530)
Abu Sa'id ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1530–1533)
Ubaydallah ibn Mahmud Shah ibn Shah Budaq ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1533–1540)
Abdullah I ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1540)
Abdul-Latif ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1540–1552)
Nawruz Ahmad (Baraq) ibn Suyunchuk Khwaja (1552–1556)
Pir Muhammad I ibn Jani Beg ibn Khwaja Muhammad ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1556–1561)
Iskandar ibn Jani Beg (1561–1583)
Abdullah II ibn Iskandar (1583–1598); de facto ruled since 1561
Abdul-Mu'min ibn Abdullah (1598)
Pir Muhammad II ibn Sulayman ibn Jani Beg (1598–1599)

=Janids=

Yar Muhammad Khan (1599–1600) abdicated, died c. 1612; son-in-law of Iskandar Khan; descended from Küchük Muhammad Khan of the Golden Horde
Jani Muhammad Khan (1600–1603)
Baqi Muhammad Khan (1600–1606) de facto ruled since 1599; abdicated
Vali Muhammad Khan (1606–1611) deposed
Imam Quli Khan (1611) deposed
Vali Muhammad Khan (1611) restored
Imam Quli Khan (1611–1641) restored, abdicated, died 1642
Nadr Muhammad Khan (1642–1645) deposed, died 1651
Abd al-Aziz Khan (1645–1681) abdicated, died 1684
Subhan Quli Khan (1681–1702){{cite book|first=László |last=Karoly|title=A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i2eBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-28498-2|pages=5–}}{{cite journal|title=A Seventeenth-Century Chaghatay Treatise on Medicine|first=László |last=Karoly|journal=Orvostörténeti Közlemények = Communicationes de historia artis medicinae|year=2006|volume=194-195|url=https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/ORSZ_ORVO_OK_2006_194_195|page=52}}{{cite book |editor-first=Nil |editor-last=Sarı |title=38. Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi bildiri kitabı, 1-6 Eylül 2002|trans-title=Proceedings of the 38th International Congress on the History of Medicine, 1-6 September 2002 |volume=2 |location=Ankara |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfHaAAAAMAAJ&q=author+medical+treatise+born+one+last+members+famous+dynasty+ancestors+emigrated+treatise |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu |page=845 |isbn=9789751618252}}
Muhammad Ubaidullah Khan (1702 – 18 March 1711){{Cite book |last=Wilde |first=Andreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW95AQAACAAJ |title=What is Beyond the River?: Power, Authority, and Social Order in Transoxania 18th–19th Centuries |date=2016 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-7001-7866-8 }}
Abu al-Fayz Khan (1711–1747)
Muhammad Abd al-Mumin (1747–1750)
Muhammad Ubaidullah II (1750–1753) adopted into family, nominal monarch

=Manghits=

Muhammad Rahim (usurper), atalik (1753–1756), khan (1756–1758)
Shir Ghazi (1758–?)
Abu'l-Ghazi Khan (1758–1785)

Genealogy

References

Sources

{{cite book|editor-last=Adle |editor-first=C. |editor-first2=I. |editor-last2=Habib |editor-last3=Baipakov |editor-first3=Karl M.|year=2003 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=5 |publisher=UNESCO}}
{{cite book|last=Burton |first=Audrey |year=1997 |title=The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History, 1550–1702 |location=Richmond, Eng. |publisher=Curzon |ISBN=9780700704170}}
{{cite book |title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |first=Nile |last=Green |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 }}
{{cite book|author-link=Svat Soucek |last=Soucek |first=Svat |title=A History of Inner Asia |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

External links

[https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Manghit/Ashtar.html The Ashtarkhanid Rulers of Bukhara]
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hATAMpaIYYaJRlx5wpRrJ62pDYAAtEP9/view?usp=sharing Mongol Rulers in Central Asia: annotated chronology and genealogy]

Category:1785 disestablishments

Category:States and territories established in 1501

Category:Former countries in Central Asia

Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia

Category:1501 establishments in Asia

Khanate of Bukhara