Khordad Sal
{{Short description|Zoroastrian observance of Zoroaster's birthday}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Khordad Sal
| type = Religious
| longtype = Zoroastrian
| caption = Traditional Khordad Sal feast
| official_name = خرداد سال (Khordad Sal)
| observedby = Zoroastrians worldwide
| significance = Birth anniversary of Zarathushtra, prophet of Zoroastrianism
| date = 6th day of Farvardin in the Zoroastrian calendar
| scheduling = Same day each year in Zoroastrian calendar; 26 March (5th day after Nowruz)
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| relatedto = Nowruz, Gahambar
}}
{{zoroastrianism sidebar}}
Khordad Sal ({{langx|fa|خرداد روز}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔːr|d|ɑː|d| |s|ɑː|l}}) is the birth anniversary (or birthdate) of Zarathushtra that is celebrated by Zoroastrians all over the world.Gupta, S. (2002). Festivals of India. Sterling Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTECLuhrmann, T. M. (1996). The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Lw1_dj9Yh4C It is celebrated annually on 26 March (5th day after Nowruz), in which scholars reference "Khordad day of Farvardin" in Zoroastrian calendars as this period. Parties and ghambars are held on this period of celebration.Manekshaw, B. J. (1996). Parsi Food and Customs. Penguin Books India. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUNfPDyxTuYC Special prayers and jashan are also held throughout the entire day.Stausberg, M. (2004). Zoroastrian Rituals in Context. Brill Academic. https://brill.com/display/title/9294 On Khordad Sal, Parsi households are thoroughly cleaned and adorned with festive decorations, and elaborate traditional meals are prepared to mark the joyous occasion. A grand feast is prepared to mark the occasion.
The Zoroastrian narrative holds that Zarathushtra (Zoroaster), as the divinely inspired prophet of Ahura Mazda, brought the revelation of asha (truth, order) to humanity, inaugurating an ethical and spiritual renewal.Boyce, M. (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. The birth of Zarathushtra, commemorated here as Khordad Sal, is honored accordingly not merely as a marker of a crucial historical event in the foundation of Zoroastrianism, but as the manifestation of divine wisdom in human form, fulfilling cosmic purpose and advancing the ongoing struggle of good against evil.Iyer, M. (2009). Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism. Gyan Publishing House. https://books.google.com/books?id=4lNPn6kQEAcC Zoroastrians believe that Zarathushtra’s teachings continue to guide adherents toward righteousness (asha vahishta), and celebrating his birth reaffirms devotion to these ideals through prayer, reflection, and communal acts of piety. The celebrations of Khordad Sal is, by principle, not only a festive occasion but a sacred opportunity to renew moral commitments and align personal life with the divine order.
Etymology
The term Khordad Sal is derived from the Persian calendar, where Khordad refers to the sixth day of the month of Farvardin, and Sal means "year" or "birthday" in this context.Boyce, M. (2005). Further on the calendar of Zoroastrian feasts. Iran. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2005.11834662 The word Khordad itself is rooted in the Avestan term Haurvatat (𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬙), one of the Amesha Spentas (divine entities) symbolizing wholeness, perfection, and well-being.Hambarisumian, A. (2001). The Armenian Parable "Zoroaster's Laughter" and the Plot of Zoroaster's Birth in the Literary Traditions. Iran and the Caucasus, 5(1), 67–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030843 Thus, Khordad Sal literally signifies "the auspicious day of perfection" that marks the birth of the prophet Zarathushtra.Foroutan, K. (2023). Yazd and its Zoroastrians: A review paper of Ali Akbar Tashakori's A Social History of the Zoroastrians of Yazd. Iranian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021086223000440 The phrase in itself embodies both a calendrical designation and a spiritual aspiration for renewal and completeness within the Zoroastrian faith.
Birth Narratives of Zoroaster
According to early Zoroastrian and Middle Persian traditions, Zarathushtra’s birth was marked by extraordinary omens that signified his divine mission.van Gorder, C. A. (2010). Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Modern Iran. Lexington Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=g1-bmFb-AkgC It is said that his mother, Dughdova, dreamed of a great light entering her, heralding the prophet’s destiny as a bringer of truth. Upon birth, Zarathushtra is recorded to have laughed instead of cried, a sign of his divine nature and fearless disposition against evil. These narratives were later enriched by Armenian and Persian Rivayat traditions, which wove symbolic imagery of cosmic struggle into the prophet’s birth story, aligning his arrival with the moral regeneration of the world.Foroutan, K. (2023). Yazd and its Zoroastrians: A review paper of Ali Akbar Tashakori's A Social History of the Zoroastrians of Yazd. Iranian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021086223000440
In particular, the Revāyat of Bahman Parsi describes the miraculous birth of Zarathushtra as fulfilling divine prophecy, with heavenly beings rejoicing at his arrival.Farridnejad, S. (2021). Zoroastrian Pilgrimage Songs and Ziyārat-nāmes (“Visitation Supplications”). In zaraθuštrōtəma: Zoroastrian and Iranian Studies in Honour of Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Brill. https://brill.com/display/title/59863 These legends frequently emphasize the fear his birth inspired in daevas (evil spirits), who foresaw the destruction of their dominion. In some Armenian versions, local rulers interpreted the prophet’s birth as an ominous sign threatening the existing cosmic order.
History
The celebration of Khordad Sal appears to have ancient roots, with the original Zoroastrian liturgical calendar preserving the prophet’s birthday on the sixth day of Farvardin. While early Iranian Zoroastrians observed the day primarily with ritual prayers, fire offerings, and communal meals, the festival evolved among Parsis in India into a vibrant social and religious event. By the 19th and 20th centuries, Khordad Sal was celebrated with large public gatherings, durbars, and social feasts, helping to consolidate Parsi identity in the colonial and postcolonial periods.FPJ News Service. (2023, August 20). Khordad Sal 2023: Parsis Gear Up To Celebrate Prophet Zarathushtras Birth Anniversary. Free Press Journal. https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/khordad-sal-2023-parsis-gear-up-to-celebrate-prophet-zarathushtras-birth-anniversary In contemporary times, the celebration remains an important marker of communal cohesion among global Zoroastrian diasporas, blending devotional acts with social functions.Keul, I. (2020). Ethnographic Approaches: Contextual Religious Cosmopolitanisms in Mumbai. In The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Cities. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429351181-4
References
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