Khost rebellion (1912)

{{short description|Anti-Barakzai revolt}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Khost rebellion (1912)

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| date = 2 May{{Refn|2 May 1912 is the start date used by Encyclopædia Britannica, but W. Hale and the Summary of the Administration of Lord Hardinge of Penhurst, November 1910 – March 1916 say that it started in March 1912.|name=2may|group=note}} – 14 August 1912{{Refn|14 August 1912 is the end date used by Encyclopædia Britannica, but the Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan states that the rebellion was suppressed in December. W. Hale says that peace was restored "by the end of July".|name=14august|group=note}}
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=5|day1=2|year1 = 1912|month2=8|days2=14|year2 = 1912}})

| place = Khost, Emirate of Afghanistan

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| result = Government victory

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| combatant1 = {{Flag|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}}

| combatant2 = Rebel tribes

• Mangal
• Jadran
• Ghilzai

| commander1 =

{{plainlist|

• {{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}} Habibullah Khan
• {{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}} Muhammad Nadir Khan{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAHna6aqtX4C|title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|date=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810878150|pages=294|language=en|quote=MUHAMMAD NADIR SHAH (1883–1933). King of Afghanistan, 1929–1933, the son of Sardar Muhammad Yusuf Khan, he embarked on a military career. Appointed a brigadier in 1906, he was promoted to lieutenant general (naib salar) for his services in suppressing the Mangal Revolt in December 1912.}}
• {{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}} Muhammad Akbar Khan
• {{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}} Mirzaman Khan{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeptAAAAMAAJ|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=9783201009218|pages=194|language=en}}
• {{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan|1901}} Sayyid Lal Shah{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last1=Clements|first1=Frank|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851094028|pages=156|language=en}}

}}

| commander2 = Jehandad Khan

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| strength1 = 4,000 regulars{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ps5JDwAAQBAJ|title=War and Society in Afghanistan: From the Mughals to the Americans, 1500–2013|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2015-02-12|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199089444|language=en|quote=In 1912, there was an uprising in Khost, and Amir Habibullah suppressed it with 4,000 regulars and 18,000 tribesmen.}}
18,000 tribesmen

| strength2 = Unknown

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| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}}

}}

The Khost rebellion was a rebellion in Khost that took place in 1912 in the Emirate of Afghanistan, and was the only serious crisis during the reign of Habibullah Khan.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGhDAQAAMAAJ|title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition|date=1926|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited|pages=46|language=en}}**A wikilink to an article on [Afghanistan] in EB1922 is not available**

Its causes laid in the "rapacity and exactions" of Muhammad Akbar Khan, the local governor of the Khost district.{{Cite book|title=AFGHANISTAN, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA 1905 - 21|last=Hale|first=W.|year=1966|pages=16, 17, 18}} The rebellion, which was led by Jehandad Khan, began on 2 May 1912,{{Refn|name=2may|group=note}} when Mangal and Jadran tribesmen in Khost, Afghanistan rose up,{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83786|title=Britannica Year-book, 1913 -: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica|last=Chisholm|first=Hugh|date=1913|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|language=en}}**A wikilink to an article on [Afghanistan] in EB1922 is not available** quickly overwhelmed various isolated garrisons, and besieged Muhammad Akbar at Matun. Later that month, they were joined by the Ghilzai. Understanding the danger posed by the revolt, Habibullah sent Muhammad Nadir Khan to quell the rebellion. Alongside regular infantry, Nadir was also aided by Tajik levies who were unlikely to show any sympathy to the rebels. In the British Raj, tribesmen of the Kurram District were restricted from entering Afghanistan to aid the revolt.{{Cite book|title=Summary of the Administration of Lord Hardinge of Penhurst, November 1910 – March 1916|pages=93}}

Muhammad Akbar eventually managed to break out of his besieged fort. By the end of May, Nadir had forced the rebels to sue for peace, and Jehandad Khan had fled to the British Raj, where he unsuccessfully lobbied for a British intervention. On 13 June, the rebellion was reported to be subsiding, and peace negotiations were going on in that same month. However, peace negotiations broke down, and in June 1912 fighting resumed. It ended on 14 August 1912,{{Refn|name=14august|group=note}} when the rebels surrendered after concessions were unexpectedly given by Afghan authorities, which included the replacement of Muhammad Akbar Khan by a new governor, Dost Muhammad.{{Cite web|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Who's Who of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig|date=1975|website=docshare04.docshare.tips|page=133}} Habibullah's decision to show clemency to the rebels laid in a desire to conciliate enemies inherited from his predecessors, and the understanding that his acceptance of western ideas and encouragement of modern technical improvements had undermined his own popularity.