Kinesiotherapy
{{Short description|Treatment of disease by muscular movement}}
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Kinesiotherapy or Kinesitherapy or kinesiatrics (kinēsis, "movement"), literally "movement therapy", is the therapeutic treatment of disease by passive and active muscular movements (as by massage) and of exercise.{{Cite web |title=Kinesitherapy |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/kinesitherapy |access-date=21 March 2012 |publisher=Merriam Webster}}{{Cite book |last=Doury |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNJrAAAAMAAJ |title=Algodystrophy: diagnosis and therapy of a frequent disease of the locomotor apparatus |last2=Dirheimer |first2=Yves |last3=Pattin |first3=Serge |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-387-10624-3 |page=21 |accessdate=21 March 2012}}
It is the core element of physiotherapy/physical therapy.
Equivalents of the term "kinesiotherapy" are used in place of the term "physiotherapy" or "physical therapy" in several non-English speaking countries (e.g. Bulgaria, Lithuania, Rwanda, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Belgium, France, Chile, Paraguay, and Romania).{{Cite web |title=Policy Statement |url=http://www.wcpt.org/sites/wcpt.org/files/files/PS_Protection_Title_Sept2011_appendix_titles_2013.pdf |publisher=World Confederation for Physical Therapy |access-date=2016-04-28 |archive-date=2019-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919235420/https://www.wcpt.org/sites/wcpt.org/files/files/PS_Protection_Title_Sept2011_appendix_titles_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}
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History
Healing gymnastic movement exercises can be traced back to the time around 2500 BC in China. The Greek physician Soran, who worked in Rome, described exercise methods with traction and countertraction using constructions with belts and pulleys to alleviate symptoms of limb paralysis in the second century AD.{{Citation |last=Otto |first=Eberhard |title=Zur Geschichte der Sammlung |date=1964 |work=Aus der Sammlung des Ägyptologischen Institutes der Universität Heidelberg |pages=9–9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-30249-1_1 |access-date=2022-11-17 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-30250-7}} It has been used as a well-established therapeutical resource since the early 20th century.{{Cite book |last=Shoemaker |first=John Vietch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1xq8ScRD8C |title=A practical treatise on materia medica and therapeutics: with especial reference to the clinical application of drugs |publisher=F.A. Davis |year=1908 |page=1000 |accessdate=21 March 2012}} Back then, various devices were used, including vibrating devices to stimulate the muscles.{{Cite book |last=United States. Patent Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX0oAQAAMAAJ |title=Classification Bulletin of the United States Patent Office ...: Containing the Classification of Subjects of Invention ... |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1918 |page=7 |accessdate=21 March 2012}} One of the first people in modern times to devise and build mechanical aids for therapeutic gymnastics was Karl Heinrich Klingert from Breslau. In 1810, he published a device similar to today's rehabilitation equipment (shake weight). It could be used to exercise arms and legs simultaneously.{{Citation |last=Büchner |first=Karl-Heinrich |title=Einsicht |date=1998 |work=Wörterbuch der Mikropolitik |pages=65–67 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11890-9_27 |access-date=2022-10-31 |place=Wiesbaden |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften |isbn=978-3-8100-2013-0}}
Methods
Movement disorders have a huge variety of clinical shades, so a kinesitherapist should have the widest possible range of methods and be able to apply them in practice, directly in rehabilitation treatment. A wide variety of movements are used in kinesitherapy, classified as active-passive, voluntary, synergistic, assisted, trick movements, performed actively and passively, with the help of a kinesitherapist or mechanotherapy.{{Citation |last=Michler |first=Markwart |title=Geschichte und Bildungsprinzipien der medizinischen Fachsprache |date=1981 |work=Einführung in die medizinische Fachsprache |pages=1–26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68015-1_1 |access-date=2022-10-31 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-10667-8 |last2=Benedum |first2=Jost}}
Some methods of kinesitherapy involve guiding the patient through painful physiological adaptive reactions that arise with the inevitable forceful impact on the muscles of the musculoskeletal system affected by the disease. The duty of the patient using these techniques is to actively overcome the pain. It is assumed that in this way a new behavioral stereotype is formed, inherent in a healthy person who is not afraid and does not depend on the manifestations of the disease.{{Citation |last=Hüter-Becker |first=Antje |title=Anhang |date=2005 |work=Das Neue Denkmodell in der Physiotherapie – Band 2: Bewegungsentwicklung und Bewegungskontrolle |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0038-150795 |access-date=2022-10-31 |place=Stuttgart |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |last2=Barth |first2=Cornelia Anne |last3=Freivogel |first3=Susanne |last4=Hirsch |first4=Helmut V. |last5=Hirsch |first5=Mark A. |last6=Pott |first6=Claudia}}