Kingston Penitentiary

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Constructed from 1833 to 1834 and opened on June 1, 1835, as the "Provincial Penitentiary of the Province of Upper Canada", it was one of the oldest prisons in continuous use in the world at the time of its closure in 2013. Kingston Penitentiary was one of nine prisons in the Kingston area, prisons which had ranged from low-security facilities to the maximum-security facilities of Kingston Penitentiary and of Millhaven Institution, which was initially built to replace Kingston Pen.

The institution was built on land described as "lot number twenty, in the first concession of the Township of Kingston". The cells originally measured {{convert|73.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide by{{convert|244|cm|ft|abbr=on}} deep and {{convert|200.7|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} high. The area had a 12-foot high wooden picket fence. In 1845, towers, stock walls, and the north gate house were completed. From 1859 through 1861 a dome was added connecting four cellblocks.{{Cite web|url=http://www.unitedwaykfla.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/KP-history-from-Dave-Johnston.pdf|title=Historical Overview of KINGSTON PENITENTIARY|last=Dave|first=Johnstone}}

The site was chosen for "combining the advantages of perfect salubrity, ready access to the water, and abundant quantities of fine limestone."[https://archive.org/stream/historickingston03kinguoft/historickingston03kinguoft_djvu.txtMr. J. A. Edmison The History of Kingston Penitentiary Kingston, Ontario Queen's University. p. 25.] Retrieved January 20, 2010 Six inmates were accepted when the penitentiary was opened. English author Charles Dickens visited Kingston in 1842 and commented in his American Notes: "There is an admirable jail here, well and wisely governed, and excellently regulated, in every respect. The men were employed as shoemakers, ropemakers, blacksmiths, tailors, carpenters, and stonecutters; and in building a new prison, which was pretty far advanced towards completion. The female prisoners were occupied in needlework."Charles Dickens, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jGYmAQAAMAAJ&dq=American%20notes&pg=PA362 Pictures from Italy: And American Notes for General Circulation], p. 362, G.W. Carleton & Company, 1874

The penitentiary's western wall adjoins the Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, which hosted the sailing events for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Immediately across the road to the north is the now-closed Kingston Prison for Women, which functioned from January 24, 1934, to May 8, 2000, taking female prisoners who had been housed in segregated quarters in the main facility.

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On August 14, 1954, a two-hour riot broke out in the penitentiary—the worst in its history up to that point"Fire and Riot sweep Kingston Penitentiary". The Lethbridge Herald, August 16, 1954, p.1—involving 900 inmates. During the riot a breakout was attempted, but was foiled by the guards at the gate. The trouble apparently began during a morning baseball game in the exercise yard, when a guard was attacked, followed by several inmates setting fire to various buildings in the yard, including the shops and a warehouse, causing an estimated $2 million in damages. The disturbance was quelled by the guards aided by 160 Canadian Army troops and a squad of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers. The 50 ringleaders were placed in solitary confinement."Extra Guards Patrol Big Pen After Riot". Syracuse Herald Journal, August 16, 1954, p.7

{{Main|1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot}}

On April 14, 1971, a riot led by the prison barber, Billy Knight, lasted four days and resulted in the death of two inmates and destruction of much of the prison. Security was substantially increased and prison reforms were instituted. Six correctional officers were held hostage, but all were eventually released unharmed.[http://www.thewhig.com/2011/04/08/special-report-a-horrendous-scene Special Report: 'A horrendous scene'], Kingston Whig-Standard April 9, 2011 The prisoners issued formal grievances to the media including lack of recreational time, lack of work, and concerns about their future conditions in the newly built Millhaven Prison. During the riot, two prisoners, the child molester, Brian Ensor, and Bertrand Robert, a man who killed his five children, were murdered by the other prisoners. To put a stop to what was threatening to become a massacre, another inmate, Barrie MacKenzie, made a decision to release the hostages early on the morning of 18 April 1971.{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=147-148}} On 22 November 1971, the Crown made a plea bargain with the charges of two counts of first-degree murder against Brian Beaucage, who had organized the murders, were dropped in exchange for Beaucage making a guilty plea to one count of assault causing bodily harm with regard to the beating he had inflicted on Ensor.{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=236}} The plea bargain was and still is very controversial.{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=240}}

A 1971 inquiry into the riot, chaired by Justice J.W. Swackhamer, reported that they had "already noted a number of causes for Kingston's failure: the aged physical facilities, overcrowding, the shortage of professional staff, a program that had been substantially curtailed, the confinement in the institution of a number of people who did not require maximum security confinement, too much time spent in cells, a lack of adequate channels to deal with complaints and the lack of an adequate staff which resulted in the breakdowns of established procedures to deal with inmate requests. The polarization between inmates and custodial staff, between custodial staff and professional staff, led inevitably to the destruction of the program and deterioration in the life of the institution." This riot, together with successors in 1975, led to an official Sub-Committee on the Penitentiary System in Canada, chaired by Justice Mark MacGuigan.[http://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/rpt/annrpt/annrpt20072008-eng.aspx Annual Report 2007/08, 35th Anniversary, Office of the Correctional Investigator, 1973-2008] The 1977 MacGuigan Report recommended the creation of an Independent Chairperson (ICP) to investigate prisoner complaints.[http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/rht-drt/09-eng.shtml Independent Chairperson to Adjudicate Disciplinary Proceedings 1977]

From 1971 to 1981, the penitentiary served as Corrections Canada's Ontario Region Reception Centre. Before it closed, the facility housed between 350 and 500 inmates plus another 120 at the Regional Treatment Centre contained within the prison. Every inmate was given an individual cell.

In its later years, Kingston Penitentiary became known as a "dumping ground for bad guards", and after an investigation by the RCMP, eight guards were terminated.Daniel Schwartz, [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kingston-pen-7-things-to-know-about-canada-s-notorious-prison-1.1865605 “Kingston Pen: 7 things to know about Canada’s notorious prison”], "CBC News", September 26, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2014

In 1990, Kingston Penitentiary was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.[http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/det_E.asp?oqSID=0408&oqeName=Kingston+Penitentiary&oqfName=P%E9nitencier+de+Kingston Kingston Penitentiary], Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada{{CRHP|13265|Kingston Penitentiary}}

On April 19, 2012, the Government of Canada announced plans to close the Kingston Penitentiary, along with the Leclerc Institution in Laval, Quebec and the Regional Treatment Centre in Kingston, Ontario.[https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-prison-closures-blasted-by-union-1.1130116 "Kingston penitentiary in Ontario to close"], CBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2012 Kingston Penitentiary officially closed on September 30, 2013.{{cite news|last=Cameron|first=Stevie|title=Kingston Penitentiary: Canada's most famous prison closes its doors|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/kingston-penitentiary-closes-its-doors-as-canadas-most-famous-prison/article14598900/?page=all|access-date=September 30, 2013|newspaper=Globe and Mail|date=September 29, 2013}} The penitentiary was opened during October/November 2013 for public tours hosted by the United Way of KFL&A and Habitat for Humanity Canada.{{cite web|title=Special Tours to provide a glimpse behind Kingston Penitentiary walls|url=http://www.unitedwaykfla.ca/special-tours-to-provide-a-glimpse-behind-kingston-penitentiary-walls/|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2013}}{{cite news|title=Kingston Penitentiary tour tickets on sale Tuesday|url=http://www.thewhig.com/2013/10/28/kingston-penitentiary-tour-tickets-on-sale-tuesday|date=October 28, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2013}}

On September 10, 1923, inmate Norman "Red" Ryan planned and carried out an escape with several other inmates. After setting fire to a shed as a distraction, the gang used a ladder and went over the wall. They stole a car from a nearby property and fled the city.[https://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=the+big+red+fox&x=0&y=0] The Big Red Fox: The Incredible Story of Norman "Red" Ryan, Canada's Most Notorious Criminal by Peter McSherry (Paperback - September 1, 1999)

On August 17, 1947, inmates Nicholas Minelli, Ulysses Lauzon, and Donald "Mickey" Macdonald climbed over the wall behind the east cell block, after cutting through the bars on their cell. Both Minelli and Lauzon were recaptured, but Macdonald was never found.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewhig.com/2013/04/05/capturing-mickey-mcdonald|title = Capturing Mickey McDonald}}

In 1999, inmate Ty Conn escaped from the facility. Although there had been at least 26 escape attempts since 1836, Conn was the first to evade capture for weeks since 1958. Two weeks later, surrounded by police in Toronto, Conn suffered a fatal self-inflicted gunshot wound while speaking on the telephone to CBC producer Theresa Burke.[http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Who-Killed-Ty-Conn-Linden-Macintyre/9780140290950-item.html Who Killed Ty Conn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207050826/http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Who-Killed-Ty-Conn-Linden-Macintyre/9780140290950-item.html |date=December 7, 2013 }}. (Macintyre, Linden). Penguin Group Canada, October 11, 2001. Retrieved March 30, 2011.[http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/about/difficult.html A Difficult Story to Tell], CBC, The Fifth Estate. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

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Kingston Penitentiary had been home to many of Canada's most dangerous and notorious criminals. James Donnelly, patriarch of the Black Donnellys, was sentenced to be hanged on September 17, 1859, for the murder of Patrick Farrell. A petition for clemency started by his wife Johannah saw his sentence reduced to seven years in Kingston Penitentiary.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Other notable inmates include Lizzie Lessard,{{cite DCB |title= Lessard, Elizabeth |url=http://biographi.ca/en/bio/lessard_elizabeth_14E.html |volume=14 }} Wayne Ford,{{cite news |last1=Hunter |first1=Paul |title=Life After Life |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20130504/282548720777209 |access-date=2 September 2023 |publisher=The Toronto Star |date=4 May 2013}} Russell Williams,[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/two-life-sentences-for-sex-killer-williamss-despicable-crimes/article1766784/ "Two life sentences for sex killer Williams's 'despicable crimes'"] Retrieved: October 21, 2010 Paul Bernardo, Clifford Olson, Roger Caron and Grace Marks. Wayne Boden, the Canadian "Vampire Rapist" died there in March 2006. Tim Buck, leader of the Communist Party, was a prisoner at Kingston Penitentiary convicted under Section 98 of the Criminal Code during the early 1930s. Bernie Guindon, the president of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club who served part of his rape sentence at Kingston penitentiary in 1969-1970 described Kingston penitentiary as a very harsh prison where the other prisoners were not permitted to speak to one another outside of their cells unless a guard was present.{{sfn|Edwards|2017|p=76}} Guindon's son, Harley Davidson Guindon, was held at Kingston in 2011.{{sfn|Edwards|2017|p=250}} Several of the Port Hope 8 such as Gary Comeau, Merv Blaker, Jeff McLeod, and Richard Sauvé were held at Kingston Penitentiary in 1979–1980.{{sfn|Lowe|2013|p=322-323}} The gangster Gregory Woolley served his sentence at Kingston Penitentiary between 2005 and 2007.{{sfn|O'Connor|2011|p=242}} Howard Chard, the chief enforcer of the Papalia family, was the boxing champion of Kingston Penitentiary in the 1940s.{{sfn|Humphreys|1999|p=51}} Gregory Woolley, the boss of the Hells Angels puppet gang, the Rockers, served his prison sentence at Kingston Penitentiary between 2005 and 2011.{{cite news |last1=Cherry |first1=Paul |title=Gregory Wooley: From jail to street, a life of influence |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/montreal/gregory-wooley-from-jail-to-street-a-life-of-influence |access-date=18 December 2023 |publisher=The Montreal Gazette |date=14 August 2012}}

Marie-Anne Houde, formerly convicted for the murder of her stepdaughter Aurore Gagnon, was sentenced to life in Kingston Penitentiary, following the appeal to commute her sentence to death citing health reasons. She was released on June 29, 1935.[http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/gagnon/contextes/chronologie/indexen.html Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canada - Aurore, The Mystery of a Martyred Child] Retrieved December 4, 2010

Robert Gentles was killed by six guards in 1993. Gentles's mother Carmeta believed that the guards were motivated by racism in their attack on her son but was unsuccessful in bringing charges against the guards independent of the Crown. Two men, Ravin Gill and Bradley Waugh, placed wanted posters for the six guards around Kingston which led to their being charged with criminal libel. The ensuing criminal case resulted in the law being struck down in Ontario.[https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/news/general/the-trouble-with-criminal-speech/269544 The trouble with criminal speech] Retrieved September 22, 2023 A coroner's inquest concluded Gentles's death was accidental.[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/coroner-s-jury-finds-gentles-death-an-accident-1.179623 Coroner's jury finds Gentles' death an accident] Retrieved September 22, 2023

Mohammad and Hamed Shafia were imprisoned in the penitentiary after being convicted of killing Mohammad's three daughters and first wife. Michael Rafferty was serving a life sentence for his role in the kidnapping, rape and murder of eight-year-old Victoria Stafford of Woodstock, but has since been relocated.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Much of Alias Grace is set in Kingston Penitentiary where the real life Grace Marks was imprisoned.

In Cataract City one of the main characters is imprisoned at Kingston Penitentiary for 20 years following a murder.

In the Canadian novel In the Skin of a Lion, the Carravagio chapter begins at Kingston Penitentiary.

The Lawrence Gowan song "A Criminal Mind" was inspired by a cell block at Kingston Penitentiary.

Television series Mayor of Kingstown was filmed at the penitentiary.{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2021 |title=The Mayor of Kingstown |url=https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/kingston-ont-shines-on-the-big-screen-1.5672175 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=CTV News |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120080015/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/kingston-ont-shines-on-the-big-screen-1.5672175 |url-status=live }}

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Located directly across from Kingston Penitentiary, the Correctional Service of Canada Museum (also known as "Canada's Penitentiary Museum") explains the history of Kingston Penitentiary and other correctional centres using displays that incorporate artifacts, photographs, equipment, and replicas. The museum also houses most of the institution's historical records as well as those of other Canadian penitentiaries, and provides the only penitentiary research service in Canada. The museum is located in "Cedarhedge", the former Warden's residence of Kingston Penitentiary that was constructed between 1870 and 1873.{{cite web|title=The History of Cedarhedge|url=http://www.penitentiarymuseum.ca/default/index.cfm/history/cedarhedge1/|access-date=March 30, 2013|archive-date=August 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822175144/http://www.penitentiarymuseum.ca/default/index.cfm/history/cedarhedge1/|url-status=dead}}

• List of Canadian correctional workers who have died in the line of duty

;Notes

{{reflist}}

;Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Peter |title=Hard Road: Bernie Guindon and the Reign of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club |location=Toronto |publisher=Random House |year=2017 |isbn=978-0345816108}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fogarty |first1=Catherine |title=Murder on the Inside The True Story of the Deadly Riot at Kingston Penitentiary |date=2021 |publisher=Biblioasis |location=Windsor |isbn=9781771964029}}
• {{cite book |last=Humphreys |first=Adrian |title=The Enforcer:Johnny Pops Papalia, A Life and Death in the Mafia |location=Toronto, Canada |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1999 |isbn=0-00-200016-4}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Mick |title=A Conspiracy of Brothers: A True Story of Bikers, Murder and the Law |date=2013 |publisher=Vintage Canada |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0345813169}}
• {{cite book|last=O'Connor|first=D'Arcy|title=Montreal's Irish Mafia: The True Story of the Infamous West End Gang|location=Toronto|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2011}}

{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131017044326/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/institutions/001002-3008-eng.shtml Official website]
• [http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/about-us/006-1002-eng.shtml Correctional Service of Canada Museum website]
• [https://www.penitentiarymuseum.ca/ Friends of the Penitentiary Museum - Canada's Penitentiary Museum]
• [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kingston-pen-s-children-child-killers-murderers-and-monsters-1.1240407 Kingston Pen's children, child killers, murderers and monsters], CBCNews.ca, April 22, 2012
• [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/in-pictures-a-look-at-the-notorious-kingston-penitentiary-1835-2012/article2407767/?from=2427572 "In pictures: A look at the notorious Kingston Penitentiary (1835-2012)"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084705/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/in-pictures-a-look-at-the-notorious-kingston-penitentiary-1835-2012/article2407767/?from=2427572 |date=March 4, 2016 }} The Globe & Mail, April 20, 2012)

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{{Prison riots and uprisings}}

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Category:2013 disestablishments in Ontario

Category:Correctional Service of Canada institutions

Category:Buildings and structures in Kingston, Ontario

Category:Defunct prisons in Ontario

Category:1835 establishments in Canada

Category:National Historic Sites in Ontario

Category:1971 riots

Category:Prison uprisings

Category:Federal government buildings in Ontario