Kinoks
{{Short description|1920s Soviet collective of filmmakers}}
The Kinoks ({{langx|ru|Киноки|kino-oki|cinema-eyes}}) were a collective of Soviet filmmakers in the 1920s, consisting of Dziga Vertov, Elizaveta Svilova and Mikhail Kaufman.
According to Annette Michelson, Georges Sadoul states the collective was founded in 1922 {{cite book |last1=Michelson |first1=Annette |title=Kino-eye : the writings of Dziga Vertov |date=1984 |isbn=0-520-05630-2 |page=xxiv|publisher=University of California Press }} by Svilova, Vertov and Kaufman, and the painter Belyaev was a fourth member.{{cite book |last1=Michelson |first1=Annette |title=Kino-eye : the writings of Dziga Vertov |date=1984 |isbn=0-520-05630-2 |page=12|publisher=University of California Press }} However, in 1923 Svilova wrote an open letter to the journal LEF applying for admission to the Council of Three.{{cite journal |last1=Svilova |first1=Elizaveta |title=V sovet troikh. Zaiavlenie |journal=LEF |date=1923 |issue=4 |pages=220–221 |url=http://www.ruthenia.ru/sovlit/j/2942.html}} Scholars have interpreted this as a publicity stunt "to provide exposure of their work and to raise awareness of their commitment to documentary cinema" {{cite book |last1=Penfold |first1=Christopher |title=Elizaveta Svilova and Soviet Documentary Film |date=2013 |publisher=PhD dissertation, University of Southampton |location=Southampton |page=16 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367302/}}{{cite web |last1=Molcard |first1=Eva |title=Elizaveta Svilova |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/elizaveta-svilova/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=Columbia University Libraries |accessdate=7 May 2020}} rather than an actual application, since Svilova had already been working with Vertov and Kaufman for several years. From 1922 to 1923 Vertov, Kaufman, and Svilova published a number of manifestos in avant-garde journals which clarified the Kinoks' positions vis-à-vis other leftist groups.
The Kinoks argued strongly for documentary cinema and the use of candid cameras and filming workers instead of using actors.{{cite book |last1=Michelson |first1=Annette |title=Kino-eye : the writings of Dziga Vertov |date=1984 |isbn=0-520-05630-2 |page=xxiv|publisher=University of California Press }} They published a series of manifestos and statements in LEF, an avant-garde cinema journal.
The most acclaimed work is Man with a Movie Camera (1929).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}