Kirgizjangal Pass
{{Short description|Mountain pass in Xinjiang, China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Kirgizjangal Pass
(Kekeate Pass)
(Heiqiazi Pass)
| other_name = Heika/Heiqia Pass
| photo = Kunlun IMG 0541.jpg
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| photo_caption = Westbound view with the many hairpin turns
| map = China Xinjiang Southern
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| label_position = top
| elevation =
| elevation_m = 4909
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| traversed = {{jct|country=CHN|G|219}}
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| location = Kargilik County and Hotan County in Xinjiang, China
| range = Kunlun Mountains
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| embedded = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=6 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
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{{Chinese
|title=Kekeate Pass
|s=柯克阿特达坂
|t=柯克阿特達坂
|p=Kēkèā'ěrtè Dábǎn
|altname=Heiqiazi Daban
|s2=黑卡子达坂
|t2=黑卡子達坂
|p2=Hēiqiǎzi Dábǎn
|l2=Black hairpin pass
|altname3=Heiqia Pass
|s3=黑恰达坂
|t3=黑恰達坂
|p3=Hēiqià Dábǎn
}}
Kekeate Pass{{cite book|author=Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology|title=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mountain Glaciology relating to Human Activity held at Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, 26-30 August 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUNNAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=International Glaciological Society|isbn=978-0-946417-08-7|page=136|quote=Kekeate Pass}}{{cite book|author=Frank van Rijn|title=De gouden capuchon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez0YdiigEn0C&pg=PA51|year=2007|publisher=Uitgeverij Elmar|language=de|isbn=978-90-389-1729-0|page=51|quote=Kekeate-La}}
({{zh|c=柯克阿特达坂|p=Kēkèā'ěrtè Dábǎn}}), also known as Heiqiazi Pass, Heika Pass or Heiqia Daban{{ref label|hqz|hqz}}({{zh|c=黑卡子达坂|p=Hēiqiǎzi Dábǎn|l=black hairpin pass}}) is a mountain pass along the China National Highway 219 with numerous hairpin turns.{{Cite web
| title = Kirgizjangal Pass
| author =
| publisher = dangerousroads.org
| date =
| access-date = 28 January 2020
| url = https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/china/3832-kirgizjangal-pass.html
| quote = Kirgizjangal Pass ... The road to the summit is called 219 National Road, also known as Tibet-Xinjiang Highway. Construction of this road started in 1951, was completed in 1957 and fully paved with asphalt in 2013. ... It’s a great climb with many switchbacks.
}} The mountain pass connects the Yarkand River valley to the west with the Karakash River valley to the east. Located at {{convert|309|km}} from the northern terminus of the G219 highway, it is between the village of Mazar in Kargilik County and the town of Xaidulla in Hotan County near the boundary of the two counties. Western sources often know it
History
The name Kirgizjangal references the nearby historically infamous location of Kirghiz Jangal ({{zh|c=黑黑子将杆/黑黑孜江干}}{{Cite web
| title = 黑黑子将杆 (桿)
| author =
| work = 历史地名
| publisher = guoxuedashi.com
| date =
| access-date = 28 January 2020
| url = http://m.guoxuedashi.com/diming/54630e/
| language = zh
| quote = 在今新疆叶城县东南叶尔羌河东岸黑恰道班。清宣统 《新疆图志》 卷9： “可卡提达坂山口……又十里至黑黑子将杆，柴足草缺。”
| archive-date = 28 January 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128082456/http://m.guoxuedashi.com/diming/54630e/
| url-status = dead
}}{{ref label|hhz|hhz}}), which literally means "Kirghiz jungle" or "Kirghiz thicket." Located about {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} to the west, it was a location best avoided by caravan traders between the Indian subcontinent and Tarim Basin (southern Xinjiang). Prior to the Qing dynasty conquest of Xinjiang, the area was inhabited by Kirghiz nomads. The Kirghiz from the region were known to be bandits. They would rob caravans and sell its crew into slavery in Badakhshan. When the Qing dynasty first took control of the region in the late 1700s, they expelled the Kirghiz from the area.{{cite book|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aehJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA299|year=1843|publisher=University Press|page=299|quote=a place called Kirghiz thicket, where are the remains of some of their ruined edifices, that tribe having been resident here before the country was subjected to China: being in the habit of plundering the Kafilas they were expelled. After passing Kirghiz Jangal ...}} However, when the Qing control of region weakened during the Taiping Rebellion and Dungan Revolt in the 1850s-1870s, the Kirghiz returned.{{cite journal|last1=Hayward|first1=G. W.|title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=40|year=1870|pages=33|issn=0266-6235|doi=10.2307/1798640|jstor=1798640|quote=The Kirghiz of Sarikol and Pamir Khurd formerly frequented this pasture ground, used to commit many depredations on the caravans of the merchants trading between Leh and Yarkand. ... Their last great raid took place three years ago, when a band of 120 armed men attacked a large caravan ... their property was seized, and the merchants themselves were sold as slaves into Badakhshan.}} This along with the economic impacts of those rebellions led to reduction in trade along the caravan route between the Indian subcontinent and Tarim Basin.{{cite book|title=Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR69|year=1862|publisher=Printed at the Government Press|page=69|quote=the trade of Le has within the last fifteen years, considerably diminished. The civil war in China is one principal cause of the decline. ... the road between Le and Yarkand is not efficiently protected as formerly, and the Kirghiz robbers from Kunjad, in the winter frequently attack the armed caravans.}}
There are numerous buildings in the area built to host highway maintenance squads, many of them are now abandoned.{{Cite web
| title = 骑行新藏线d5：黑恰道班k288 -黑恰达坂k309-赛图拉遗址k350-三十里营房k364
| author =
| publisher = 不止骑行川藏线攻略 (buzhiqixing.com)
| date = 2019-03-09
| access-date = 28 January 2020
| url = http://www.buzhiqixing.com/xzx-d5.html
| language = zh
| quote = 黑恰达坂k309 ... K324路过废弃道班 ... K340处的道班也是废弃道班
| archive-date = 14 June 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210614153645/http://www.buzhiqixing.com/xzx-d5.html
| url-status = dead
}} In recent years, a few mining operations have been started to the west of the mountain pass, producing siderite iron ore and potentially copper.{{Cite journal
| title = Delineation of iron formation in Wenquangou Group along Heiqia Pass in West Kunlun metallogenic belt
| author = YANG Jinzhong
| author2 = CHEN Wei
| author3 = WANG Hui
| journal = Remote Sensing for Land & Resources
| year = 2017
| volume = 29
| issue = 3
| language = zh
| doi = 10.6046/gtzyyg.2017.03.28
| url = http://www.geojournals.cn/geOreV/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20070489
| access-date = 27 January 2020
| title = Generality on Metallogenic Regularity of Karakorum Metallogenic Belt in Xinjiang
| author = Qiao Gengbiao
| author2 = Wang Ping
| author3 = Wu Yuezhong
| author4 = Du Wei
| author5 = Li Shanglin
| author6 = Chen Denghui
| author7 = Zhao Xiaojian
| journal = Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition)
| date = 2015
| volume = 45
| issue = 4
| url = http://html.rhhz.net/JLDXXBDQKXB/html/20150411.htm
| access-date = 27 January 2020
| language = zh
| doi = 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201504111
| quote = 黑黑孜江干菱铁矿 ... 黑黑孜江干铜矿点
}}
See also
{{gallery
|align=center
|File:黑卡子达坂.jpg
|Eastbound view partly concealed by dust of passing vehicle
|File:Chah-i-Doulla (Shahidulla) and environs 1 - French Army map.jpg
|French map where it is labelled as Koug-Art
}}
Notes
- {{note label|hqz|hqz}} - There are numerous variations in the Chinese name, and there are numerous permutations in transcription. In Chinese, the character {{linktext|卡}} is a heteronym with multiple pronunciations. The character {{linktext|子}} is a diminutive modifier in this context thus can be dropped. In addition, {{linktext|达坂}} meaning "mountain pass" is sometimes transcribed phonetically as "Daban".
- {{note label|hhz|hhz}} - In Chinese, "黑黑子" is an archaic word for Kirghiz.{{cite book|author1=李长林|author2=张小曼|title=张西曼集|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|date=1 October 2010|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.|isbn=978-7-5438-6846-5|page=52|quote=Kirghiz——汉之坚昆,唐之黠戛斯,现称:吉尔吉斯,黑黑子}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Heiqiazi Daban}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}
{{Mountain passes of China}}
Category:Mountain passes of China