Kition

The name of the city comes from the Phoenician {{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|{{big|𐤊𐤕𐤉}}}}}} ({{Transliteration|phn|{{sc|kty}}|italics=no}}, pronounced Kitiya). This name was borrowed into Ancient Greek as {{transliteration|grc|Kítion}} ({{lang|grc|Κίτιον}}) and thence into Latin as {{lang|la|Citium}}.Josephus, Flavius. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/complete.ii.ii.vi.html The Antiquities of the Jews 1.6.1.] Translated by William Whiston. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200102093103/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0145:book=1:whiston%20chapter=6 Greek original].{{Better source needed|date=September 2024|reason=Not a particularly controversial claim, but this is an ancient text not a work of etymology.}}

During the Late Bronze Age, the area was settled by Mycenaean Greeks who exploited the local copper deposits. This settlement was destroyed around 1200 BC but rebuilt soon after.{{Cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299630204|title=The Mycenaeans in Cyprus: Economic, Political and Ethnic Implications |conference=Lines Between: Culture and Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean Conference, 3–6 June 2015, Nicosia, Cyprus |last=Orphanides|first=Andreas G. |via=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-09-11}}

File:Nikosia BW 2023-09-21 11-35-16.jpg

The new town was rebuilt on a larger scale; its mudbrick city wall was replaced by a cyclopean wall.Excerpt of wall mounted text in exhibit room number two at Larnaca District Museum. Around 1000 BC, the religious part of the city was abandoned, although life seems to have continued in other areas as indicated by finds in tombs.{{cite book |last=Flourentzos |first=Paulos |title=A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum |publisher=Ministry of Communications and Works - Department of Antiquities |year=1996 |isbn=978-9963-36-425-1 |location=Nicosia |page=6 |oclc=489834719}}File:Ancient kingdoms of Cyprus en.svg|left]]

Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence also at Kition which was under Tyrian rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.{{cite book|last=Hadjisavvas|first=Sophocles|title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I|year=2013|publisher=Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html|page=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}} Some Phoenician merchants who were believed to come from Tyre colonized the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the city's sanctuaries were rebuilt and reused by Phoenician settlers.Excerpt of text on the only plaque at the Kathari site (as of 2013).

The kingdom was under Egyptian domination from 570 to 545 BC. Persia ruled Cyprus from 545 BC. Kings of the city are referred to by name from 500 BC—in Phoenician texts and as inscriptions on coins.{{cite journal | title = Kition in the Tenth to Fourth Centuries B. C. | journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date = Nov 1997 | first = Marguerite | last = Yon |author2=William A. P. | volume=308 | issue = 308 | pages = 9–17 | doi = 10.2307/1357405 | jstor=1357405 | s2cid = 156694103 }}

Marguerite Yon claims that literary texts and inscriptions suggest that by the Classical period Kition was one of the principal local powers, along with its neighbour Salamis. In 499 BC Cypriot kingdoms (including Kition) joined Ionia's revolt against Persia.According to text mounted in the coin display at Larnaca District Museum

Persian rule of Cyprus ended in 332 BC.

Ptolemy I conquered Cyprus in 312 BC and killed Poumyathon, the Phoenician king of Kition, and burned the temples.According to text on one of the signs at the entrance of the Kathari site. Shortly afterwards the Cypriot city-kingdoms were dissolved and the Phoenician dynasty of Kition was abolished. Following these events the area lost its religious character.Text on the plaque (on the grounds of Larnaca District Archaeological Museum) facing the Bamboula site.

However, a trading colony from Kition established at Piraeus had prospered to the point that, in 233 BC they requested and received permission for the construction of a temple dedicated to Astarte".{{cite book|last= Flourentzos |first=Paulos | title= A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum |year=1996 |publisher= Ministry of Communications and Works - Department of Antiquities|isbn=978-9963-36-425-1 |location=Nicosia |oclc=489834719|page=15}}

Cyprus was annexed by Rome in 58 BC.

Strong earthquakes hit the city in 76 AD and the year after, but the city seems to have been prosperous during Roman times. A curator civitatis, or financial administrator of the city, was sent to Kition from Rome during the rule of Septimius Severus.

The city was destroyed by successive earthquakes in 322 and 342 AD, which also destroyed Salamis and Pafos.

Kition was first systematically{{cite web|url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/da/da.nsf/All/7A7351CF22898DFEC22571A4002CA21C?OpenDocument |title=Kition |language=el |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |access-date=2014-04-25}} excavated by the Swedish Cyprus Archaeological Expedition from October 1929 (under the direction of Einar Gjerstad) until April 1930.

File:Kition._The_cult_room._Statues_in_situ.tif

The ruins can be found within the borders of the modern town of Larnaca. The ancient city was surrounded by massive walls which can still be traced today. At the Bamboula hill, in the northeastern part of the city, was the acropolis. Here, the Swedish archaeologists discovered a sanctuary dedicated to Heracles-Melqart. Between the acropolis and the modern seashore was the ancient harbour. In 1879 the Government of Cyprus filled this marshy area with soil from the upper strata of the Bamboula Hill because they wished to get rid of the malaria mosquitos. Because of this the Bamboula Hill and especially the upper layers of the acropolis were much disturbed. A small part of the city was excavated as early as 1894 by british archeologists.{{Cite book |last=Gjerstad |first=Einar |title=The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol. III Text. |publisher=Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag |year=1937 |isbn=978-9333341769 |location=Stockholm |pages=1, 74-75, 21, 23-26, 74-75, 76-79, 82-84, 85, 93-97, 111-112, 238, 154-155, 17-174, 210, 225-228, 270-277, 264-265, 398, 340-345, 388, 394-396, 380-383, 398, 399-403, 404-405, 407, 416-419, 533-544, 582, 563-565}}

The Swedish archaeologists attempted a stratigraphic examination of the Bamboula mound to obtain information about the dating of the Phoenician colonization of Cyprus. They wanted to study the ceramic development and collect archaeological material to elucidate how the Phoenicians affected the development of the Cypriote culture. But, after three days of digging, they found a large deposit of sculptures and needed to subsequently enlarge the excavation.

File:The_excavation_of_Kition.tif

According to The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, the acropolis commenced as a settlement from the end of the Late Cypriote II and the beginning of Cypro Geometric I period before it became a sanctuary. Throughout the time of the Cypro-Archaic I something changed, and Kition began to be used as an open-air sanctuary. The Swedish Expedition did not find any votive sculptures from this early stage, therefore the votives might have been of a different kind or removed to a place outside the excavation. They did find a rectangular base of a statue called no. 560. The statue itself was missing with only the feet preserved. This sculpture was probably very big and could have been Kition’s cult statue. Later, the cult erected a rectangular altar made of rubble and chips of stone in front of the statue.

File:Herakles_or_Herakles_Melqart_statue.tif.]]

The temenos were in use until the end of the Cypro-Archaic II period when a new temenos was built on top of the old one. This temenos was enclosed by a massive peribolos wall. Furthermore, it seems like an inner temenos was created at the same place as the earlier walls had been. Within the inner temenos a low altar consisting of a square was found, as well as another pillar altar outside. Both on the altar itself and close to it the archaeologists found remains of ash and carbonized matter. All through the periods votive gifts, mainly consisting of sculptures, were placed in the sanctuary, and each time the level was raised the sculptures were transferred to the new sanctuary. Throughout the Cypro-Classic I period, the temenos were rearranged entirely and became more monumental. This sanctuary was the last one before the sanctuary was demolished in the Hellenistic period and secular buildings were erected in the same place. During the demolition, all the votive sculptures were buried, and the place was no longer used for sacred purposes. The Hellenistic house was divided into two parts and inside archaeologists found remains of a basalt press for pressing wine or oil, as well as rectangular drainage outlets and a storage vessel.

During the excavation, they found no inscriptions that could inform us to whom this sanctuary was dedicated, although some of the sculptures might represent the god and thence give us an answer. Most of the sculptures dressed in lion’s skin and a club in the right hand, are a Cypriot variety of the Greek Heracles, which the Phoenicians identified with their god Melqart, the patron god of Kition. Therefore, the archaeologists concluded that the sanctuary was dedicated to the city god of Kition, Heracles-Melqart.{{Cite book |last=Karageorghis |first=Vassos |title=The Cyprus Collections in the Medelhavsmuseet |publisher=A.G Leventis Foundation and Medelhavsmuseet |year=2003 |isbn=9789963560554 |location=Stockholm |pages=ix, 4–5, 11, 13, 16, 17}}

Einar Gjerstad explains the reason why the temenos were never rebuilt as a consequence of the last king of Kition, Pumiatihon. Pumiatihon sided with Antigonus in the struggle between him and Ptolemy I Soter. He lost his life and throne which meant that Kition ceased to be an independent state after Ptolemy’s conquest of Kition in 312 B.C. and since the temple was the religious sign of the political independence of Kition it couldn't be rebuilt after the conquest.

Archaeology is continuing near the Kathari site. A magnificent 20m-long Roman mosaic showing the labours of Hercules was discovered in a baths building in 2016.{{cite web |url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/archeology/ancient-roman-mosaics-uncovered-in-cyprus-/ |title=Ancient Roman mosaics uncovered in Cyprus |website=theartnewspaper.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811133009/http://theartnewspaper.com/news/archeology/ancient-roman-mosaics-uncovered-in-cyprus-/ |archive-date=2016-08-11}} It was found under Kyriakou Matsi Street when clearing a sewer and is expected to be transferred to the museum.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/210444/unique-roman-era-mosaic-of-hercules-s-labors-to-go-to-larnaca-museum/|title=Unique, Roman-era mosaic of Hercules's Labors to go to Larnaca museum | eKathimerini.com|website=www.ekathimerini.com}}

File:Großer Tempel Kition.JPG

This site is located around 500 metres north of the Bamboula site and sometimes referred to as "Kition Area II".According to the text on the plaque closest to the excavation pit at the Kathari site (as of 2013). The Department of Antiquities (under the direction of Vassos Karageorghis) started excavating in 1959{{cite web|url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/da/da.nsf/All/7A7351CF22898DFEC22571A4002CA21C?OpenDocument |title=Department of Antiquities - Kition |language=el |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |access-date=2014-04-25}} continuing until 1981.According to the text on the plaque closest to the excavation pit of the Kathari site (as of 2013).

Excavations have revealed part of a defensive wall, dating from the 13th century BCExcerpt of text on the only plaque at the Kathari site (as of 2013). and remains of five temples including cyclopean walls. The largest temple's (horizontal) dimensions were 35 m by 22 m.Excerpt of wall mounted text in exhibit room number 2 at Larnaca District Museum. and was built using ashlar blocks. Temple (2) was rebuilt—around 1200 BC. Temple (1) has Late Bronze Age graffiti of ships on the façade of the south wall.

File:Kition shipyard.jpg

The site is located around 50 metres north of the Larnaca Museum.

In 1845 the Sargon Stele was found here, together with a gilded silver plakette now in the Louvre.

A British Expedition first excavated the site in 1913.

A French team from the University of Lyon started excavating in 1976.{{cite journal | title = Kition in the Tenth to Fourth Centuries B. C. | journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date = Nov 1997 | first = Marguerite | last = Yon |author2=William A. P. | volume = 308 | issue = 308 | pages = 9–17 | doi = 10.2307/1357405 | jstor = 1357405 | s2cid = 156694103 }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.archeorient.mom.fr/FICHES/pdf/Kition.pdf|title=Recent Holocene paleo-environmental evolution and coastline changes of Kition, Larnaca, Cyprus, Mediterranean Sea}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} when traces of settlement dating to the tenth century BC were found along ramparts next to the port at Bamboula. The site also consists of a sanctuary of Astarte and a sanctuary of Melkart. The earliest sanctuary was built in the 9th century BC.According to text on the plaque (in the grounds of Larnaca Museum) facing the Bamboula site.

1987{{cite journal|author=Jean-Christophe Sourisseau |url=https://www.academia.edu/504276 |title=Le port de guerre de Kition |journal=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2014-04-25}} saw the discovery of the Phoenician harbour for warships built in the 5th century BC. In its final stage, it consisted of ship sheds (six of them have been recorded), 6 metres wide and about 38 to 39 meters long, with shipways on which triremes were pulled up to dry under tiled roofs

File:Kition, Zeus Keraunios.jpg

File:Stela of Sargon II from Cyprus, late 8th century BCE. Pergamon Museum.jpg]]

Five built tombs, or hypogea, have been discovered at Kition: the Vangelis Tomb, Godham's Tomb, the Phaneromeni, and the Turabi Tekke Tomb.Excerpt of wall mounted text at Larnaca District Museum. Two important stele with inscriptions in the Phoenician script were found in the Turabi Tekke cemetery in the late nineteenth century. They are now in the British Museum's collection.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection|title=Collection|website=The British Museum}}

Kition Area I, "close to the west [city] wall of the Pre-Phoenician period, seems to have been a residential area" according to architectural and moveable finds.{{cite book|first=Paulos |last=Flourentzos|title=A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum|year=1996|publisher=Ministry of Communications and Works - Department of Antiquities|isbn=978-9963-36-425-1 |location=Nicosia |oclc=489834719|page=5}} "Kition Area III" and "-IV" are names of other archaeological sites at Kition.

The "mound gate" in the city wall was located in the vicinity northwest of the Phaneromeni Tomb.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The site includes a sprawling necropolis which includes the Mnemata Site and Agios Georgios Kontou cemetery. Including burials from a number of periods, it is one of the most studied necropoleis in Cyprus.{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}{{Cite web|url=http://books.openedition.org/momeditions/2903|title=Kition-Bamboula VII : Fouilles dans les nécropoles de Kition (2012-2014)|first1=Anna|last1=Cannavò|first2=Sabine|last2=Fourrier|first3=Alexandre|last3=Rabot|date=January 29, 2019|publisher=MOM Éditions|via=OpenEdition Books}}

{{Main|Mnemata Site}}

• Cities of the ancient Near East
• Idalium
• Enkomi
• Kourion
• Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus
• History of Cyprus
• Lefkaritis Tomb
• Zeno of Citium

{{Reflist|30em}}

; Archaeological reports

• {{cite book |last1=Calvet |first1=Yves |title=Kition-Bamboula I : Les timbres amphoriques |date=1982 |publisher=Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations |location=Paris}}
• {{cite book |last1=Salles |first1=Jean-François |title=Kition-Bamboula II: Les égouts de la ville classique |date=1983 |publisher=Ed. Recherche sur les Civilisations |location=Paris |isbn=9782865380695}}
• {{cite book |last1=Yon |first1=Marguerite |last2=Caubet |first2=Annie |title=Kition-Bamboula: III Le sondage L-N 13 (bronze récent et géométrique) |date=1985 |publisher=Éditions Recherche sur les civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdEHzgEACAAJ |language=fr}}
• {{cite book |last1=Salles |first1=Jean-François |title=Kition-Bamboula IV: Les niveaux hellénistiques |date=1993 |publisher=Éd. Recherche sur les Civilisations |location=Paris |isbn=9782865382408}}
• {{cite book |last1=Calvet |first1=Yves |title=Kition-Bamboula V: Kition dans les textes. Testimonia littéraires et épigraphiques et Corpus des inscriptions |date=1982 |publisher=Éditions Recherche sur les civilisations |location=Paris |isbn=2865380297}}
• {{cite book |last1=Caubet |first1=Annie |last2=Fourrier |first2=Sabine |last3=Yon-Calvet |first3=Marguerite |title=Kition-Bamboula VI: le sanctuaire sous la colline |date=2015 |publisher=Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée-Jean Pouilloux |location=Lyon |isbn=9782356680488|url=https://www.persee.fr/issue/mom_2259-4884_2015_rpm_67_1}}
• {{cite book |last1=Cannavò |first1=Anna |last2=Fourrier |first2=Sabine |last3=Rabot |first3=Alexandre |title=Kition-Bamboula VII: Fouilles dans les nécropoles de Kition, 2012-2014 |date=2018 |publisher=MOM éditions |location=Lyon |isbn=9782356680617|url=https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/2903}}
• {{cite book |last1=Callot |first1=Olivier |last2=Fourrier |first2=Sabine |last3=Yon |first3=Marguerite |title=Kition-Bamboula VIII : Le port de guerre de Kition |date=14 April 2022 |publisher=MOM Éditions |isbn=978-2-35668-166-9 |url=https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/13617?lang=en |language=fr}}
• {{cite book |last1=Maillard |first1=Pauline |title=Kition-Bamboula IX: les cultes des Salines à Kition : étude des terres cuites d'époque classique |date=2023 |publisher=MOM Éditions |location=Lyon |isbn=9782356680815}}

;Discussions

• {{citation |last=Huss |first=Werner |title=Geschichte der Karthager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC |publisher=C.H. Beck |language=de |location=Munich |date=1985 |isbn=9783406306549}}

{{Commons category|Citium}}

• [http://www2.rgzm.de/Navis2/Home/HarbourFullTextOutput.cfm?HarbourNR=Kition The port of the Kingdom of Kition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122085734/http://www2.rgzm.de/Navis2/Home/HarbourFullTextOutput.cfm?HarbourNR=Kition |date=2009-11-22 }}
• Photos: [http://myfrostbytes.blogspot.com/2010/05/ancient-ruins-of-kition-kathari_30.html Ancient Ruins of Kition Kathari]
• StoryMap (S. Fourrier, A. Rabot): [https://arcg.is/1uGvav0 Kition, Larnaca]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Ancient Cities of Cyprus}}

{{Phoenician colonies}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|34.9233|N|33.6305|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kition (Ancient State)}}

Category:Archaeological sites in Cyprus

Category:Mycenaean Greece

Category:Bronze Age Cyprus

Category:City-states

Category:Former populated places in Cyprus

Category:Phoenician colonies in Cyprus

Category:Cities in ancient Cyprus

Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century