Klamath language

Plosives in Klamath, aside from /ʔ/, come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.{{sfn|Blevins|2004|p=279}} Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and glottalized sounds.{{sfn|Blevins|2004|pp=279–80}}

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative {{IPA|/s/}} is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.{{sfn|Blevins|2004}} Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated {{IPA|/sː/}} in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated {{IPA|/s/}} by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, {{IPA|*/sː/}} may have degeminated into {{IPA|/s/}}.

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.{{sfn|Rude|1988}}

• List of extinct languages of North America

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book

|last=Barker |first=M. A. R. |author-link=M. A. R. Barker

|date=1963a

|title=Klamath Texts

|series=University of California Publications in Linguistics

|volume=30

|publisher=University of California Press

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Barker |first=M. A. R. |author-mask=5

|date=1963b

|title=Klamath Dictionary

|series=University of California Publications in Linguistics

|volume=31

|publisher=University of California Press

|url=http://ksw.shoin.ac.jp/spaelti/Klamath/

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Barker |first=M. A. R. |author-mask=5

|date=1964

|title=Klamath Grammar

|series=University of California Publications in Linguistics

|volume=32

|publisher=University of California Press

}}

• {{cite thesis

|last=Barker

|first=Philip

|date=1959

|title=The Klamath language

|publisher=University of California, Berkeley

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Bauer |first=Laurie |author-link=Laurie Bauer

|date=2007

|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook

|edition=1st

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-7486-2758-5

|oclc=190872469

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Blevins |first=Juliette |author-link=Juliette Blevins

|date=July 1993

|title=Klamath Laryngeal Phonology

|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics

|volume=59 |number=3

|pages=237–279

|jstor=1265523 |jstor-access=free

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Blevins |first=Juliette |author-mask=5

|date=July 2004

|title=Klamath Sibilant Degemination: Implications of a Recent Sound Change

|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics

|volume=70 |issue=3

|pages=279–289

|publisher=The University of Chicago Press

|doi=10.1086/425602 |doi-access=free

|jstor=10.1086/425602 |jstor-access=free

}}

• {{cite news

|last=Chen |first=David W.

|date=April 5, 1998

|title=BLACKBOARD: LOST LANGUAGES; Kuskokwim Not Spoken Here

|work=New York Times

|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/education/blackboard-lost-languages-kuskokwim-not-spoken-here.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113191013/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/education/blackboard-lost-languages-kuskokwim-not-spoken-here.html

|archive-date=Jan 13, 2014

}}

• {{Cite book

|last = de Angulo |first = Jaime |author-link = Jaime de Angulo

|year = 1931

|publisher = Société des Américanistes

|title = The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc)

|oclc = 27210767

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Dupris |first=Joseph

|date=2019

|title=maqlaqsyalank hemyeega: Goals and expectations of Klamath-Modoc revitalization

|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation

|language=en-US

|volume=13

|pages=155–196

|hdl=10125/24851 |hdl-access=free

|issn=1934-5275

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Golla |first=Victor |author-link=Victor Golla

|date=2011

|title=California Indian Languages

|publisher=University of California Press

|location=Berkeley/Los Angeles, California

|isbn=978-0-520-26667-4

|url={{google books URL|MX1RtDR_gC0C}}

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Haynes |first=Erin F.

|date=2004

|title=Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde

|journal=Coyote Papers

|language=en-US

|volume=13

|pages=87–102

|access-date=2012-08-30

|url=http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/haynes.pdf |url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709092655/http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/haynes.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-09

|hdl=10150/126636 |hdl-access=free

|issn=0894-4539

}}

• {{Cite news

|url=https://www.heraldandnews.com/news/local_news/chiloquin-man-helps-klamath-tribal-members-embrace-first-language/article_63889035-f7d2-5139-a1ff-335fc93f5751.html

|url-access=subscription

|title=Chiloquin man helps Klamath Tribal members embrace first language

|last=Lane

|first=Valeree

|publisher=Herald and News

|date=November 28, 2017

|access-date=2018-03-01

|language=en

}}

• {{cite news

|last=Mauldin |first=William S.

|date=April 17, 1998

|title=Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages

|work=The Yale Herald

|url=http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/xxv/4.17.98/news/language.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203114843/http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/xxv/4.17.98/news/language.html

|archive-date=Dec 3, 2008

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Pease

|first=Robert W.

|title=Modoc County

|journal=University of California Publications in Geography

|volume=17

|publisher=University of California Press

|year=1965

|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

|issn=0068-6441

|oclc=3714154

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Rude |first=Noel

|date=1987

|title=Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences

|journal=Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics

|volume=12

|pages=67–83

|doi=10.17161/KWPL.1808.511 |doi-access=free

|hdl=1808/511

|hdl-access=free

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Rude |first=Noel |author-mask=5

|date=1988

|chapter=Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath

|pages=651–73

|title=In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics

|editor=William Shipley

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|location=Berlin

|chapter-url={{google books URL|daBpJl0xOGcC|p=651}}

|oclc=18715235

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Rude |first=Noel |author-mask=5

|date=1991

|chapter=Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath

|pages=185–199

|title=Approaches to Grammaticalization

|editor1=Elizabeth C. Traugott

|editor2=Bernd Heine

|series=Typological Studies in Language

|volume=19

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company

|location=New York and Amsterdam

|doi=10.1075/tsl.19.2.10rud

}}

{{Refend}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Coville

| first = Frederick Vernon

| author-link = Frederick Vernon Coville

| title = Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon

| access-date = 2012-08-30

| year = 1897

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vbkUAAAAYAAJ&q=klamath+plants

}} Includes Klamath language plant names.

• {{Cite book

| last = Gatschet

| first = Albert S.

| author-link = Albert Samuel Gatschet

| title = The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon

| access-date = 2012-08-30

| year = 1890

| isbn = 9780665527449

| url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_52744

}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Gatschet, Albert S.

| title = The numeral adjective in the Klamath language of southern Oregon

| access-date = 2012-08-30

| year = 1880

| isbn = 9780665329326

| url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_32932

}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Gatschet

| first = Albert S.

| title = Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon

| access-date = 2012-08-30

| year = 1878

| isbn = 9780665328503

| url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_32850

}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Klamath word list}}

• [http://www.klamathtribes.org/language/ The Klamath Tribes Language Project]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417062414/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/klamath.html Languages of Oregon: Klamath]
• [http://www.native-languages.org/klamath-modoc.htm Klamath-Modoc language], native-languages.org
• [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/modoc.php Modoc language] overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140357/http://cla.berkeley.edu/language/649?tab=items&drestriction=none Klamath language], California Language Archive
• [http://www.language-archives.org/language/kla OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040205005124/http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/klamath.html Klamath Bibliography]

{{Penutian languages}}

{{Languages of California}}

{{Languages of Oregon}}

{{North American languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klamath language}}

Category:Klamath

Category:Modoc

Category:Plateau Penutian languages

Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau

Category:Indigenous languages of California

Category:Indigenous languages of Oregon

Category:Extinct languages of North America

Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s

Category:Language isolates of North America

Category:2003 disestablishments in the United States