Kodaira–Spencer map

In mathematics, the Kodaira–Spencer map, introduced by Kunihiko Kodaira and Donald C. Spencer, is a map associated to a deformation of a scheme or complex manifold X, taking a tangent space of a point of the deformation space to the first cohomology group of the sheaf of vector fields on X.

Definition

= Historical motivation =

The Kodaira–Spencer map was originally constructed in the setting of complex manifolds. Given a complex analytic manifold $M$ with charts $U_i$ and biholomorphic maps $f_{jk}$ sending $z_k \to z_j = (z_j^1,\ldots, z_j^n)$ gluing the charts together, the idea of deformation theory is to replace these transition maps $f_{jk}(z_k)$ by parametrized transition maps $f_{jk}(z_k, t_1,\ldots, t_k)$ over some base $B$ (which could be a real manifold) with coordinates $t_1,\ldots, t_k$ , such that $f_{jk}(z_k, 0,\ldots, 0) = f_{jk}(z_k)$ . This means the parameters $t_i$ deform the complex structure of the original complex manifold $M$ . Then, these functions must also satisfy a cocycle condition, which gives a 1-cocycle on $M$ with values in its tangent bundle. Since the base can be assumed to be a polydisk, this process gives a map between the tangent space of the base to $H^1(M, T_M)$ called the Kodaira–Spencer map.{{Cite book|last=Kodaira|title=Complex Manifolds and Deformation of Complex Structures|url=https://archive.org/details/complexmanifolds00koda_517|url-access=limited|series=Classics in Mathematics|year=2005|isbn=978-3-540-22614-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/complexmanifolds00koda_517/page/n190 182]–184, 188–189|doi=10.1007/b138372}}

= Original definition =

More formally, the Kodaira–Spencer map is{{harvnb|Huybrechts|2005|loc=6.2.6.}}

: $KS: T_0 B \to H^1(M, T_M)$

where

$\mathcal{M} \to B$ is a smooth proper map between complex spacesThe main difference between a complex manifold and a complex space is that the latter is allowed to have a nilpotent. (i.e., a deformation of the special fiber $M = \mathcal{M}_0$ .)
$KS$ is the connecting homomorphism obtained by taking a long exact cohomology sequence of the surjection $T \mathcal{M}|_M \to T_0 B \otimes \mathcal{O}_M$ whose kernel is the tangent bundle $T_M$ .

If $v$ is in $T_0B$ , then its image $KS(v)$ is called the Kodaira–Spencer class of $v$ .

= Remarks =

Because deformation theory has been extended to multiple other contexts, such as deformations in scheme theory, or ringed topoi, there are constructions of the Kodaira–Spencer map for these contexts.

In the scheme theory over a base field $k$ of characteristic $0$ , there is a natural bijection between isomorphisms classes of $\mathcal{X} \to S = \operatorname{Spec}(k[t]/t^2)$ and $H^1(X, TX)$ .

Constructions

= Using infinitesimals =

== Cocycle condition for deformations ==

Over characteristic $0$ the construction of the Kodaira–Spencer map{{Cite book|last1=Arbarello|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540426882|title=Geometry of Algebraic Curves II|last2=Cornalba|last3=Griffiths|series=Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Arbarello,E. Et al: Algebraic Curves I, II|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=9783540426882|pages=172–174}} can be done using an infinitesimal interpretation of the cocycle condition. If we have a complex manifold $X$ covered by finitely many charts $\mathcal{U} = \{U_\alpha\}_{\alpha \in I}$ with coordinates $z_\alpha = (z_\alpha^1, \ldots, z_\alpha^n)$ and transition functions

$f_{\beta\alpha}:U_\beta|_{U_{\alpha\beta}} \to U_\alpha|_{U_{\alpha\beta}}$ where $f_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta) = z_\alpha$

Recall that a deformation is given by a commutative diagram

$\begin{matrix}
X & \to & \mathfrak{X} \\
\downarrow & & \downarrow \\
\text{Spec}(\mathbb{C}) & \to & \text{Spec}(\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon])
\end{matrix}$

where

\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]

is the ring of dual numbers and the vertical maps are flat, the deformation has the cohomological interpretation as cocycles

\tilde{f}_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta,\varepsilon)

U_\alpha\times \text{Spec}(\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon])

where

$z_\alpha = \tilde{f}_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta,\varepsilon) = f_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta) + \varepsilon b_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta)$

If the

\tilde{f}_{\alpha\beta}

satisfy the cocycle condition, then they glue to the deformation

\mathfrak{X}

. This can be read as

$\begin{align}
\tilde{f}_{\alpha\gamma}(z_\gamma,\varepsilon) ={}&\tilde{f}_{\alpha\beta}(\tilde{f}_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma,\varepsilon),\varepsilon) \\
={}& f_{\alpha\beta}(f_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma) + \varepsilon b_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma))\\
&+ \varepsilon b_{\alpha\beta}(f_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma) + \varepsilon b_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma))
\end{align}$

Using the properties of the dual numbers, namely

g(a + b\varepsilon) = g(a) + \varepsilon g'(a)b

, we have

$\begin{align}
f_{\alpha\beta}(f_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma) + \varepsilon b_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma)) &= f_{\alpha\beta}(f_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma)) + \varepsilon \frac{\partial f_{\alpha\beta}}{\partial z_\beta}(z_\beta)b_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma) \\
\end{align}$

and

$\begin{align}
\varepsilon b_{\alpha\beta}(f_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma) + \varepsilon b_{\beta\gamma}(z_\gamma)) = \varepsilon b_{\alpha\beta}(z_\beta)
\end{align}$

hence the cocycle condition on

U_\alpha\times \text{Spec}(\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon])

is the following two rules

$b_{\alpha\gamma} = \frac{\partial f_{\alpha\beta}}{\partial z_\beta}b_{\beta\gamma} + b_{\alpha\beta}$
$f_{\alpha\gamma} = f_{\alpha\beta} \circ f_{\beta\gamma}$

== Conversion to cocycles of vector fields ==

The cocycle of the deformation can easily be converted to a cocycle of vector fields $\theta = \{\theta_{\alpha\beta} \} \in C^1(\mathcal{U},T_X)$ as follows: given the cocycle $\tilde{f}_{\alpha\beta} = f_{\alpha\beta} + \varepsilon b_{\alpha\beta}$ we can form the vector field

$\theta_{\alpha\beta} = \sum_{i=1}^n b_{\alpha\beta}^i\frac{\partial}{\partial z_\alpha^i}$

which is a 1-cochain. Then the rule for the transition maps of

b_{\alpha\gamma}

gives this 1-cochain as a 1-cocycle, hence a class

[\theta] \in H^1(X,T_X)

= Using vector fields =

One of the original constructions of this map used vector fields in the settings of differential geometry and complex analysis. Given the notation above, the transition from a deformation to the cocycle condition is transparent over a small base of dimension one, so there is only one parameter $t$ . Then, the cocycle condition can be read as

$f^{\alpha}_{ik}(z_k,t) = f_{ij}^{\alpha}(f^1_{kj}(z_k,t), \ldots, f^n_{kj}(z_k,t),t)$

Then, the derivative of

f^{\alpha}_{ik}(z_k,t)

with respect to

t

can be calculated from the previous equation as

$\begin{align}
\frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ik}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} &= \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ij}(z_j,t)}{\partial t}
+ \sum^n_{\beta = 0} \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ij}(z_j,t)}{\partial f_{jk}^\beta(z_k,t)}\cdot
\frac{\partial f^{\beta}_{jk}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} \\
\end{align}$

Note because

z_j^\beta = f_{jk}^\beta(z_k,t)

and

z_i^\alpha = f_{ij}^{\alpha}(z_j,t)

, then the derivative reads as

$\begin{align}
\frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ik}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} &= \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ij}(z_j,t)}{\partial t}
+ \sum^n_{\beta = 0} \frac{\partial z^{\alpha}_i}{\partial z_j^\beta}\cdot
\frac{\partial f^{\beta}_{jk}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} \\
\end{align}$

With a change of coordinates of the part of the previous holomorphic vector field having these partial derivatives as the coefficients, we can write

$\frac{\partial}{\partial z_j^\beta} = \sum_{\alpha = 1}^n
\frac{
\partial z_i^\alpha
}{
\partial z_j^\beta
}\cdot \frac{
\partial
}{
\partial z_i^\alpha
}$

Hence we can write up the equation above as the following equation of vector fields

$\begin{align}
\sum_{\alpha=0}^n \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ik}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} \frac{\partial}{\partial z_i^\alpha} =&
\sum_{\alpha=0}^n \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ij}(z_j,t)}{\partial t} \frac{\partial}{\partial z_i^\alpha}
\\& + \sum^n_{\beta = 0}
\frac{\partial f^{\beta}_{jk}(z_k,t)}{\partial t} \frac{\partial}{\partial z_j^\beta} \\
\end{align}$

Rewriting this as the vector fields

$\theta_{ik}(t) = \theta_{ij}(t) + \theta_{jk}(t)$

where

$\theta_{ij}(t) = \frac{\partial f^{\alpha}_{ij}(z_j,t)}{\partial t} \frac{\partial}{\partial z_i^\alpha}$

gives the cocycle condition. Hence

\theta_{ij}

has an associated class in

[\theta_{ij}] \in H^1(M,T_M)

from the original deformation

\tilde{f}_{ij}

f_{ij}

= In scheme theory =

Deformations of a smooth variety{{Cite web|url=http://www.mat.uniroma3.it/users/sernesi/sernesioverviewdefth.pdf|title=An overview of classical deformation theory|last=Sernesi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427180649/http://www.mat.uniroma3.it/users/sernesi/sernesioverviewdefth.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-27}}

$\begin{matrix}
X & \to & \mathfrak{X} \\
\downarrow & & \downarrow \\
\text{Spec}(k) & \to & \text{Spec}(k[\varepsilon])
\end{matrix}$

have a Kodaira-Spencer class constructed cohomologically. Associated to this deformation is the short exact sequence

$0 \to \pi^*\Omega^1_{\text{Spec}(k[\varepsilon])} \to \Omega_{\mathfrak{X}}^1 \to \Omega_{\mathfrak{X}/S}^1 \to 0$

(where

\pi:\mathfrak{X} \to S = \text{Spec}(k[\varepsilon])

) which when tensored by the

\mathcal{O}_{\mathfrak{X}}

-module

\mathcal{O}_X

gives the short exact sequence

$0 \to \mathcal{O}_X \to \Omega^1_{\mathfrak{X}}\otimes\mathcal{O}_X \to \Omega_X^1 \to 0$

Using derived categories, this defines an element in

$\begin{align}
\mathbf{R}\text{Hom}(\Omega_X^1,\mathcal{O}_X[+1]) &\cong
\mathbf{R}\text{Hom}(\mathcal{O}_X,T_X[+1]) \\
&\cong \text{Ext}^1(\mathcal{O}_X,T_X) \\
&\cong H^1(X,T_X)
\end{align}$

generalizing the Kodaira–Spencer map. Notice this could be generalized to any smooth map

f:X \to Y

\text{Sch}/S

using the cotangent sequence, giving an element in

H^1(X,T_{X/Y}\otimes f^*(\Omega^1_{Y/Z}))

= Of ringed topoi =

One of the most abstract constructions of the Kodaira–Spencer maps comes from the cotangent complexes associated to a composition of maps of ringed topoi

$X \xrightarrow{f} Y \to Z$

Then, associated to this composition is a distinguished triangle

$f^*\mathbf{L}_{Y/Z} \to \mathbf{L}_{X/Z} \to \mathbf{L}_{X/Y} \xrightarrow{[+1]}$

and this boundary map forms the Kodaira–Spencer map{{Cite book|last=Illusie|first=L.|url=http://sites.mathdoc.fr/PMO/PDF/I_ILLUSIE-64.pdf|title=Complexe cotangent ; application a la theorie des deformations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125154916/http://sites.mathdoc.fr/PMO/PDF/I_ILLUSIE-64.pdf|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=2020-11-25|url-status=dead}} (or cohomology class, denoted

K(X/Y/Z)

). If the two maps in the composition are smooth maps of schemes, then this class coincides with the class in

H^1(X,T_{X/Y}\otimes f^*(\Omega^1_{Y/Z}))

Examples

= With analytic germs =

The Kodaira–Spencer map when considering analytic germs is easily computable using the tangent cohomology in deformation theory and its versal deformations.{{Cite book|last=Palamodov|title=Several Complex Variables IV|chapter=Deformations of Complex Spaces|series=Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences|year=1990|volume=10|isbn=978-3-642-64766-6|pages=138, 130|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-61263-3_3}} For example, given the germ of a polynomial $f(z_1,\ldots, z_n) \in \mathbb{C}\{z_1,\ldots, z_n \} = H$ , its space of deformations can be given by the module

$T^1 = \frac{H}{df \cdot H^n}$

For example, if

f = y^2 - x^3

then its versal deformations is given by

$T^1 = \frac{ \mathbb{C}\{ x,y \} }{(y, x^2)}$

hence an arbitrary deformation is given by

F(x,y,a_1,a_2) = y^2 - x^3 +a_1 + a_2x

. Then for a vector

v \in T_0(\mathbb{C}^2)

, which has the basis

$\frac{\partial}{\partial a_1}, \frac{\partial}{\partial a_2}$

there the map

KS: v \mapsto v(F)

sending

$\begin{align}
\phi_1\frac{\partial}{\partial a_1} + \phi_2 \frac{\partial}{\partial a_2} \mapsto & \phi_1\frac{\partial F}{\partial a_1} + \phi_2 \frac{\partial F}{\partial a_2} \\
& = \phi_1 + \phi_2\cdot x
\end{align}$

= On affine hypersurfaces with the cotangent complex =

For an affine hypersurface $i:X_0 \hookrightarrow \mathbb{A}^n \to \text{Spec}(k)$ over a field $k$ defined by a polynomial $f$ , there is the associated fundamental triangle

$i^*\mathbf{L}_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)} \to
\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)} \to
\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\mathbb{A}^n} \xrightarrow{[+1]}$

Then, applying

\mathbf{RHom}(-,\mathcal{O}_{X_0})

gives the long exact sequence

$\begin{align}
&\textbf{RHom}(i^*\mathbf{L}_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \leftarrow
\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \leftarrow
\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\mathbb{A}^n},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \\
\leftarrow &\textbf{RHom}(i^*\mathbf{L}_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \leftarrow
\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \leftarrow
\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\mathbb{A}^n},\mathcal{O}_{X_0})
\end{align}$

Recall that there is the isomorphism

$\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \cong \text{Ext}^1(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)}, \mathcal{O}_{X_0})$

from general theory of derived categories, and the ext group classifies the first-order deformations. Then, through a series of reductions, this group can be computed. First, since

\mathbf{L}_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)} \cong \Omega^1_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)}

is a free module,

\textbf{RHom}(i^*\mathbf{L}_{\mathbb{A}^n/\text{Spec}(k)},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) = 0

. Also, because

\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\mathbb{A}^n} \cong \mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2[+1]

, there are isomorphisms

$\begin{align}
\textbf{RHom}(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/\mathbb{A}^n},\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \cong &
\textbf{RHom}(\mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2[+1],\mathcal{O}_{X_0}[+1]) \\
\cong &
\textbf{RHom}(\mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2,\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \\
\cong &
\text{Ext}^0(\mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2,\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \\
\cong &
\text{Hom}(\mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2,\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \\
\cong & \mathcal{O}_{X_0}
\end{align}$

The last isomorphism comes from the isomorphism

\mathcal{I}/\mathcal{I}^2 \cong \mathcal{I} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{A}^n}} \mathcal{O}_{X_0}

, and a morphism in

$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{O}_{X_0}}(\mathcal{I} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{A}^n}} \mathcal{O}_{X_0} ,\mathcal{O}_{X_0})$ send $[gf] \mapsto g'g + (f)$

giving the desired isomorphism. From the cotangent sequence

$\frac{(f)}{(f)^2} \xrightarrow{[g] \mapsto dg\otimes 1}
\Omega^1_{\mathbb{A}^n}\otimes \mathcal{O}_{X_0} \to \Omega^1_{X_0/\text{Spec}(k)} \to 0$

(which is a truncated version of the fundamental triangle) the connecting map of the long exact sequence is the dual of

[g] \mapsto dg \otimes 1

, giving the isomorphism

$\text{Ext}^1(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/k}, \mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \cong
\frac{k[x_1,\ldots,x_n]}{
\left(f, \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_1}, \ldots, \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_n} \right)
}$

Note this computation can be done by using the cotangent sequence and computing

\text{Ext}^1(\Omega^1_{X_0},\mathcal{O}_{X_0})

.{{cite arXiv|last1=Talpo|first1=Mattia|last2=Vistoli|first2=Angelo|date=2011-01-30|title=Deformation theory from the point of view of fibered categories|pages=25, exercise 3.25|class=math.AG|eprint=1006.0497}} Then, the Kodaira–Spencer map sends a deformation

$\frac{k[\varepsilon][x_1,\ldots, x_n]}{
f + \varepsilon g
}$

to the element

g \in \text{Ext}^1(\mathbf{L}_{X_0/k}, \mathcal{O}_{X_0})

References

{{cite book |title=Complex Geometry: An Introduction|first=Daniel|last=Huybrechts

|publisher=Springer|year=2005|isbn=3-540-21290-6 |author-link=Daniel Huybrechts}}

{{Citation | last1=Kodaira | first1=Kunihiko | title=Complex manifolds and deformation of complex structures | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RZS4qxmQ-gC | publisher=Springer-Verlag | location=Berlin, New York | series=Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] | isbn=978-0-387-96188-0 |mr=815922 | year=1986 | volume=283 |author-link=Kunihiko Kodaira}}
[https://mathoverflow.net/questions/247037/where-can-i-find-a-proof-of-identity-of-h1x-t-x-and-a-quotient-by-the-jacob/247049#247049 Mathoverflow post relating deformations to the jacobian ring].

Category:Algebraic geometry

Kodaira–Spencer map

Definition

= Historical motivation =

= Original definition =

= Remarks =

Constructions

= Using infinitesimals =

== Cocycle condition for deformations ==

== Conversion to cocycles of vector fields ==

= Using vector fields =

= In scheme theory =

= Of ringed topoi =

Examples

= With analytic germs =

= On affine hypersurfaces with the cotangent complex =

See also

References