Kostel dialect

The Kostel dialect is spoken in Croatia, but the northernmost part extends into southern Slovenia. It extends from Kuželj and Gornji Turni in the west, south to Ravna Gora, as far east as Razdrto, and north to Banja Loka and Kostel. It is the southernmost Slovene dialect. Notable settlements include Kuželj, Guče Selo, Brod na Kupi, Krivac, Gornji Turni, Kupjak, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod Moravice, Lokvica, and Šimatovo in Croatia, and Vas, Fara, Kuželj, and Potok in Slovenia.{{Cite book |last=Lončarić |first=Mijo |url=https://zciglar.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/kajkarta1.jpg |title=Karta Kajkavskog narječja |year=2010 |language=hr |trans-title=A map of Kajkavian dialects |access-date=April 3, 2022 }}

The border between the Kostel dialect, South White Carniolan dialect, and Mixed Kočevje subdialects is somewhat unclear, and the Kostel dialect may also extend down the Kupa River on the Slovene side.{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2020|p=355}}

The Kostel dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent on both long and short vowels, which are still differentiated.{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=337–339}}{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=143}} It also underwent three accent shifts: the {{Lang|sl|*ženȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*žèna}}, {{Lang|sl|*məglȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*mə̀gla}}, {{Lang|sl|*sěnȏ}} / {{Lang|sl|*prosȏ}} → {{Lang|sl|*sě̀no}} / {{Lang|sl|*pròso}}, {{Lang|sl|*visȍk}} → {{Lang|sl|vìsok}}, and {{Lang|sl|*kováč}} → {{Lang|sl|*kòvač}} accent shift.{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2020|p=363}}{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=311–314}}

Almost all vowels have monophthongized, which sets this dialect apart from all other Lower Carniolan dialects.{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2020|pp=359–370}}

• Non-final {{lang|sl|*ě̀}} and {{lang|sl|*ě̄}} are pronounced as {{lang|sl|ẹː}} or {{lang|sl|ėː}}.
• The vowel {{lang|sl|*ō}} is pronounced as {{lang|sl|ọː}} or {{lang|sl|ȯː}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*è}} and {{lang|sl|ē}}, as well as non-final {{lang|sl|*ę̀}} and {{lang|sl|ę̄}}, are pronounced as {{lang|sl|i̯ẹː}} or {{lang|sl|ẹː}}.
• Similarly, non-final {{lang|sl|*ò}} and {{lang|sl|ǫ̀}}, as well as {{lang|sl|ǭ}}, are pronounced as {{lang|sl|u̯ọː}} or {{lang|sl|ọː}}.
• Newly stressed {{lang|sl|*e}} and {{lang|sl|*o}} after the {{lang|sl|ženȁ}} → {{lang|sl|žèna}} shift were mostly simplified into {{lang|sl|eː}} and {{lang|sl|oː}}, or {{lang|sl|ḙː}} and {{lang|sl|o̭ː}}, respectively.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*ə̀}} and {{lang|sl|*ə̄}} turned into {{lang|sl|aː}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*à}} and {{lang|sl|*ā}} turned into {{lang|sl|aː}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*ì}} and {{lang|sl|*ī}} became {{lang|sl|iː}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*ù}} and {{lang|sl|*ū}} became {{lang|sl|üː}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*l̥̀}} and {{lang|sl|*l̥̄}} evolved into long or short {{lang|sl|u}}.
• Non-final {{lang|sl|*r̥̀}} and {{lang|sl|*r̥̄}} mostly evolved into {{lang|sl|ər}}, but some microdialects still pronounce them as {{lang|sl|r̥}}.

Akanye is not particularly common, but ukanye is, turning word-final {{lang|sl|o}} into {{lang|sl|ȯ}} or {{lang|sl|u}}. Unstressed {{lang|sl|*u}} is reduced into {{lang|sl|e̥}}, {{lang|sl|ė}}, {{lang|sl|ü}}, or {{lang|sl|i}}. Unstressed {{lang|sl|*ə}} evolved into {{lang|sl|a}}. The Banja Loka and Delač microdialects also have unstressed long vowels, which became unstressed after accent shifts.

Word-final {{lang|sl|*m}} mostly turned into {{lang|sl|*n}}. Palatal {{lang|sl|*ĺ}} and {{lang|sl|*ń}} have not depalatalized. If a word started with {{lang|sl|u}} then {{lang|sl|v}} appeared before it, and if a word started with {{lang|sl|a}} then {{lang|sl|j}} appeared before it. However, the dialect lost {{lang|sl|j}} before {{lang|sl|i}} at the beginning of words. Alpine Slovene {{lang|sl|*w}} evolved into non-sonorant {{lang|sl|v}}, which devoices if at the end of a word or before a non-voiced consonant. The clusters {{lang|sl|ṷm-}} and {{lang|sl|ṷb-}} simplified into {{lang|sl|xm-}} and {{lang|sl|xb-}}, respectively. Other consonant simplifications also occurred, such as {{lang|sl|tl-}} → {{lang|sl|kl-}}.

Dual forms were fully replaced by plural forms. The future and preterit tenses are formed using the l-participle.{{Cite journal |last=Gostenčnik |first=Januška |url=https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/jz/article/view/7731 |title=Kostelski govor kraja Vas (SLA T416) |journal=Jezikoslovni Zapiski |year=2019 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=74–76 |language=sl |doi=10.3986/JZ.25.2.4 |s2cid=213777222 |access-date=18 July 2022 |doi-access=free }}

The priest and Slavic specialist Jože Gregorič collected almost 17,000 words spoken in the Slovene part of the Kostel dialect, from Srobotnik to Grgelj, which is currently still listed as belonging to the Mixed Kočevje subdialects, and he published a dictionary of the Kostel dialect.{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2020|pp=358–359}}{{Cite book |last=Gregorič |first=Jože |url=https://fran.si/iskanje?FilteredDictionaryIds=197&View=1&Query=%2A |title=Kostelski slovar |publisher=Založba ZRC |year=2015 |isbn=978-961-254-480-5 |editor-last=Horvat |editor-first=Sonja |location=Ljubljana |language=sl |trans-title=Kostel Dictionary |access-date=18 July 2022 |editor-last2=Šircelj-Žnidaršič |editor-first2=Ivanka |editor-last3=Weiss |editor-first3=Peter}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Gostenčnik |first=Januška |url=https://omp.zrc-sazu.si/zalozba/catalog/view/1152/4888/899-2 |title=Krajevni govori ob Čabranki in zgornji Kolpi |publisher=Založba ZRC |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0081-0 |location=Ljubljana |language=sl}}
• {{Cite book |last=Gostenčnik |first=Januška |title=Kostelsko narečje |series=Slavistična revija |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU |year=2020 |location=Ljubljana |language=Sl |url=https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-KF9P6QJB}}
• {{Cite book |last=Ramovš |first=Fran |title=Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika |publisher=Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani |year=1935 |isbn= |series=VII. Dialekti |location=Ljubljana |language=Sl |trans-title=Historical grammar of the Sloene language |author-link=Fran Ramovš}}
• {{Cite book |last=Šekli |first=Matej |title=Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov |series=Collection Linguistica et philologica |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0137-4 |editor-last=Legan Ravnikar |editor-first=Andreja |location=Ljubljana |language=Sl |translator-last=Plotnikova |translator-first=Anastasija}}

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{{Languages of Slovenia}}

Category:Slovene dialects