Kreis Schwetz
{{Short description|District of Prussia}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|common_name = District of Schwetz
|subdivision = District
|nation = Prussia
|capital = Schwetz (Świecie)
|coordinates =
|today = Poland
|year_start = 1818
|year_end = 1920
|image_map = Kreis Schwetz 1890.jpg
|image_map_caption = Map of the district by Richard Andree, 1890
}}
Kreis Schwetz was a Prussian district that existed from 1818 to 1920, with its capital at Schwetz. The district was located on the western bank of the Vistula river in the part of West Prussia that fell to Poland after the First World War through the Treaty of Versailles in 1920.
History
The area of the Schwetz district belonged to the medieval Kingdom of Poland, then the State of the Teutonic Order since 1309 until 1454/1466, and then the Kingdom of Poland again.{{Cite book|last=Wegner|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrBSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7|title=Ein Pommersches Herzogthum und eine Deutsche Ordens-Komthurei: Kulturgeschichte des Schwetzer Kreises nach den archivalischen und anderen Quellen bearbeitet von Richard Wagner. Ein Beitrag zur urkundlichen Geschichte des Deutschthums in Westpreußen, wie auch zur Kenntniß der Alterthümer dieses Landestheils, mit zahlreichen Illustrationen und bisher noch ungedruckten historischen Dokumenten|date=1872|publisher=Louis Türk|language=de}}{{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Daniel Z.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxETCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795|date=2014-07-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80362-3|language=en}}
The area of the Schwetz district became part of the Kingdom of Prussia with the First Partition of Poland in 1772 and belonged to the Konitz district until 1818. In 1815, the area became part of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the province of West Prussia. As part of a comprehensive district reform, the new Schwetz district was formed on April 1, 1818, with its capital at Schwetz. With the signing of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, the Schwetz district had to be ceded by Germany to Poland on January 10, 1920.
After the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the annexation of the territory by Nazi Germany, the district became part of the new Regierungsbezirk Bromberg in Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Grupa, Mniszek and Świecie were the sites of large massacres of Poles from the district, carried out by the Germans as part of the Intelligenzaktion.{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=166–167, 184}} Local Poles were also subjected to expulsions.{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=82, 89, 123|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}} Towards the end of World War II, the district was occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 and was restored to Poland.
Demographics
The district of Schwetz had a mixed population of Germans and Poles.{{Cite book|last=Belzyt|first=Leszek|url=https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn|title=Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar|date=1998|publisher=Herder-Inst.|isbn=978-3-87969-267-5|location=Marburg}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Politics
= District administrators =
- 1827–1829: Sartorius von Schwanenfeld
- 1829–1850: Raimund von Pape
- 1850–1867: Richard Wegner
- 1867–1870: Hans von Zedlitz-Leipe
- 1870–1874: Wilhelm Woldeck von Arneburg
- 1874–1897: Gustav Gerlich
- 1897–1903: Hans Grashoff
- 1903–1916: Gustav Adolf von Halem
- 1916–1919: Friedrich Frankenbach
- 1919–1920: Werner Zschintzsch
= Reichstag elections =
In the German Empire, the Schwetz district formed the Marienwerder 5 Reichstag constituency. In all Reichstag elections, this constituency was closely contested between German and Polish candidates. The respective winners only prevailed with narrow majorities:{{Cite web|date=2015-01-06|title=Parlamentarierportal biorab Kaiserreich|url=http://zhsf.gesis.org/ParlamentarierPortal/biorabkr.htm|access-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106011602/http://zhsf.gesis.org/ParlamentarierPortal/biorabkr.htm|archive-date=2015-01-06}}
- 1871: Gustav Gerlich, National Liberal Party
- 1874: Erazm Parczewski, Polish Party
- 1877: Franz August von Gordon, German Conservative Party
- 1878: Franz August von Gordon, German Conservative Party
- 1881: Boleslaw von Kossowski, Polish Party
- 1884: Franz August von Gordon, German Conservative Party
- 1887: Otto Holtz, Free Conservative Party
- 1890: Otto Holtz, Free Conservative Party
- 1893: Otto Holtz, Free Conservative Party
- 1898: Otto Holtz, Free Conservative Party
- 1903: Otto Holtz, Free Conservative Party
- 1907: Julian von Saß-Jaworski, Polish Party
- 1912: Gustav Adolf von Halem, Free Conservative Party
Municipalities
In 1912, the Schwetz district included the two towns of Neuenburg in Westpreußen and Schwetz, as well as 151 rural communities:{{Cite web|title=Willkommen bei Gemeindeverzeichnis.de|url=https://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?westpreussen/schwetz.htm|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de}}
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