Kuchuk Hanem

{{short description|Egyptian dancer}}

Kuchuk Hanem (fl. 1850–1870) was a famed beauty and Ghawazee dancer of Esna, mentioned in two unrelated accounts of travel to Egypt, the French novelist Gustave Flaubert and the American adventurer George William Curtis.{{cite book |last1=Karayanni |first1=Stavros Stavrou |title=Dancing Fear and Desire: Race, Sexuality, and Imperial Politics in Middle Eastern Dance |date=2006 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=9780889209268 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InjIw3lWQTUC&dq=kuchuk+hanem+George+William+Curtis&pg=PA42 |language=en}}

Kuchuk Hanem became a key figure and symbol in Flaubert's Orientalist accounts of the East. Flaubert visited her during his sojourn in Egypt on his journey to the East in 1849-51 accompanied by Maxime Du Camp. The orientalist themes that pervade his work depended heavily on his experiences in Egypt and his likely sexual liaison with Kuchuk Hanem.{{cite web |last1=Wall |first1=Geoffrey |title=Flaubert: A Life by Geoffrey Wall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/oct/27/highereducation.news |website=the Guardian |accessdate=12 August 2018 |language=en |date=27 October 2001}} Dancers in two of his novellas, Herodias and Temptation of Saint Anthony, evoke a woman dancer who performs scenes from Salome and the Queen of Sheba. Both of these dances were standards of the repertoire of dancers of this period, especially a dance step known as "the bee" or "the wasp," with the dancer standing musing in a pensive posture until a buzzing insect flies into her clothing and she "flees" in terror, dancing rapidly, and removing articles of clothing in the manner of a provocative strip-tease.{{cite web |last1=Mader-Lin |first1=Eric |title=Erotic Pages from Flaubert's *Voyage en Egypte* |url=http://www.necessaryprose.com/egypt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010223070213/http://www.necessaryprose.com/egypt.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 23, 2001 |website=www.necessaryprose.com |accessdate=11 August 2018}} Later, Kuchuk Hanem was the subject of an 1851 poem by Louis Bouilhet, "Kuchuk-Hanem, Souveneer" which was inspired by Flaubert's accounts from letters.{{cite book |last1=Beizer |first1=Janet L. |title=Thinking Through the Mothers: Reimagining Women's Biographies |date=2009 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801457128 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1lqA5fk2dsC&dq=kuchuk+hanem+Louis+Bouilhet&pg=PA44 |language=en}} Louise Colet, a{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Julian|title=Flaubert's Parrot|date=1984|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|isbn=0224022229|pages=25, 109–110, 122–124, 137–152}} mistress of Flaubert, is said to have sought out the aging dancer on a trip to Egypt at the time of the opening of the Suez Canal, in order to report back to Flaubert the ravages that time had wrought on the woman he so admired.{{cite web |last1=Peck |first1=William H. |title=The Dancer of Esna |url=http://www.shira.net/about/dancer-of-esna.htm |accessdate=12 August 2018}}

It seems certain that she was also an influence on George William Curtis, suggesting that she was one of the most sought-after entertainers in Upper Egypt during the colonial period. Comparisons of the two narratives demonstrate a house with a courtyard, a stairway in poor repair leading to an upper room furnished with two divans, a young female attendant named Zeneb, an old man playing a rebaba, and an old woman who kept time on the tar.

"Kuchuk Hanem" is not a proper name and actually means "little lady" in Turkish (küçük hanım). It might be a term of endearment applied to a child, a lover, or a famous dancer. Flaubert reports that she was from Damascus and belonged to the Doms in Syria,{{cite book |last1=Twigger |first1=Robert |title=Red Nile: The Biography of the World's Greatest River |date=2013 |publisher=Orion |isbn=9780297866503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCvtalLX408C&dq=%22damascus%22+Kuchuk-Hanem&pg=PT266 |language=en}} but it remains unclear if this was a name chosen by the woman to represent herself to the colonial tourists or if this is a casual shorthand name used by the two writers to describe her. The sensationalized and eroticized presence of Kuchuk Hanem within the literature of this period underscores early misrepresentations of non-western women in the imagination of the West.Said, Edward W., 1979, Orientalism, New York, Vintage, pp. 186-190.