Kufic#Square or geometric Kufic

Calligraphers in the early Islamic period used a variety of methods to transcribe Quran manuscripts. Arabic calligraphy became one of the most important branches of Islamic Art. Calligraphers came out with the new style of writing called Kufic. Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts. The name of the script derives from Kufa, a city in southern Iraq which was considered as an intellectual center within the early Islamic period. Kufic is defined as a highly angular form of the Arabic alphabet originally used in early copies of the Quran. Sheila S. Blair suggests that "the name Kufic was introduced to Western scholarship by Jacob George Christian Adler (1756–1834)".{{Cite book|title=Islamic Calligraphy|last=Blair|first=Sheila S.|authorlink=Sheila Blair|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7486-1212-3|pages=104}} Furthermore, the Kufic script plays an important role in the development of Islamic calligraphy. In fact, "it is the first style of Islamic period writings in which the manifestation of art, delicacy and beauty are explicitly evident", says Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq Al-Amin.{{Cite journal|last=Al-Amin|first=Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq|title=The Origin of the Kufic Script|journal=Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology |year=2016 |issue=53 |url=https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=134854|pages=3, 6}} The rule set for this writing was about the angular, linear shapes of the characters. In fact, "the rules that were defined at the outset of the Kufic tradition essentially remained the same throughout its lifespan", says Alain George.{{Cite book|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|last=George|first=Alain|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|pages=55, 56, 57, 65, 72}}

The Quran was first written in a plain, slanted, and uniform script but, when its content was formalized, a script that denoted authority emerged.{{Cite book|title=A Handbook of Early Arabic Kufic Script: Reading, Writing, Calligraphy, Typography, Monograms|last1=Jazayeri|first1=S. M. V. Mousavi|last2=Michelli|first2=Perette E.|last3=Abulhab|first3=Saad D.|publisher=Blautopf Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9780998172743|location=New York|pages=8}} This coalesced into what is now known as Primary Kufic script. Kufic was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to 10th centuries. Around the 8th century, it was the most important of several variants of Arabic scripts with its austere and fairly low vertical profile and a horizontal emphasis.{{Cite book|title=Islamic Designs for Artists and Craftspeople|last=Wilson|first=Eva|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1988|isbn=048625819X|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicdesignsfo00wils/page/11 11]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdesignsfo00wils/page/11}} Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy the Quran.{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/museum_and_exhibition/arabic_script/arabic_scripts.aspx|title=Arabic scripts|publisher=British Museum|access-date=13 March 2013}} Professional copyists employed a particular form of Kufic for reproducing the earliest surviving copies of the Quran, which were written on parchment and date from the 8th to 10th centuries.{{cite web|title=The Spirit of Islam: Experiencing Islam through Calligraphy|url=http://www.moa.ubc.ca/spiritofislam/unity/kufic.html|publisher=UBC Museum of Anthropology|access-date=13 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108152157/http://www.moa.ubc.ca/spiritofislam/unity/kufic.html|archive-date=8 November 2002}} It is distinguished from Thuluth script in its use of decorative elements whereas the latter was designed to avoid decorative motifs.{{Cite book|title=Kufic Inscriptions of the Historic Grand Mosque of Shoushtar|last1=Jazayeri|first1=S. M. V. Mousavi|last2=Ringgenberg|first2=Patrick|last3=Michelli|first3=Perette E.|last4=Chaharmahali|first4=Ali M.|last5=Jazayeri|first5=S. M. H. Mousavi|publisher=Blautopf Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781511537995|location=New York|pages=120}} In place of the decorations in Kufic scripts, Thuluth used vowels.

File:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg]]

The main characteristic of the Kufic script "appears to be the transformation of the ancient cuneiform script into the Arabic letters", according to Enis Timuçin Tan.{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Enis Timuçin|date=1999|title=A Study of Kufic Script in Islamic Calligraphy and Its relevance to Turkish Graphic Art Using Latin Fonts in the late twentieth century|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2749&context=theses|pages=42}} Moreover, it was characterized by figural letters that were shaped in a way to be nicely written on parchment, building and decorative objects like lusterware and coins.{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qura/hd_qura.htm|title=Early Qur'ans (8th–Early 13th Century)|last=Cohen|first=Julia|date=May 2014|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2019-11-04}} Kufic script is composed of geometrical forms like straight lines and angles along with verticals and horizontals.{{Cite journal|last=Al-Amin|first=Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq|title=The Origin of the Kufic Script|journal=Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology |year=2016 |issue=53 |url=https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=134854|pages=3, 6}} Originally, Kufic did not have what is known as a differentiated consonant, which means, for example, that the letters "t", "b", and "th" were not distinguished by diacritical marks and looked the same. However, it is still used in Islamic countries. In later Kufic Qurans of the ninth and early tenth century, "the sura headings were more often designed with the sura title as the main feature, often written in gold, with a palmette extending into the margin", comments Marcus Fraser.{{Cite book|title=Ink and Gold Islamic Calligraphy|last=Fraser|first=Marcus|year=2006|isbn=0954901487|location=London|pages=28, 46}} Its use in transcribing manuscripts has been important in the development of Kufic Script. Earlier kufic was written on manuscripts with precision which contributed to its development. For instance, "the precision achieved in practice is all more remarkable because Kufic manuscripts were not ruled", says Alain George.{{Cite book|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|last=George|first=Alain|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|pages=55, 56, 57, 65, 72}} Moreover, he explains that Kufic manuscripts were laid out with a stable number of lines per page, and these were strictly parallel and equidistant. One impressive example of an early Quran manuscript, known as the Blue Quran, features gold Kufic script on parchment dyed with indigo. It is commonly attributed to the early Fatimid or Abbasid court. The main text of this Quran is written in gold ink, thus the effect on looking at the manuscript is of gold on blue. According to Marcus Fraser, "the political and artistic sophistication and financial expense of the production of the Blue Quran could only have been contemplated and achieved by a ruler of considerable power and wealth".

Ornamental Kufic became an important element in Islamic art as early as the eighth century for Quranic headings, numismatic inscriptions and major commemorative writings.{{Cite journal |last=Rosen |first=Miriam |date=1983 |title=Islamic Calligraphy. By Yasin Hamid Safadi. Boulder: Shambhala, 1979. 142 pp.; 163 black and white plates. $8.95 paper. - Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. 216 pp.; 12 color plates, 98 black and white. $25.00 cloth. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200006484 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=16 |issue=1-2 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1017/s0021086200006484 |issn=0021-0862}} The Kufic script is inscribed on textiles, coins, lusterware, building and so on.{{Cite web|title=The Arabic & Islamic Inscriptions: Examples Of Arabic Epigraphy|url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.islamic-awareness.org}} Coins were very important in the development of the Kufic script. In fact, "the letter strokes on coins, had become perfectly straight, with curves tending toward geometrical circularity by 86", observes Alain George.{{Cite book|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|last=George|first=Alain|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|pages=55, 56, 57, 65, 72}} As an example, Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins and monuments and on early Ottoman coins. Its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the Republican period in Turkey. Also, the current flag of Iraq (2008) also includes a kufic rendition of the takbir.

File:Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic.JPG

Similarly, the flag of Iran (1980) has the takbir written in white square kufic script a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands. Kufic inscriptions were important in the emergence of textiles too, often functioning as decoration in the form of tiraz bands. According to Maryam Ekhtiar, "tiraz inscriptions were written in Kufic or floriated Kufic script, and later, in naskhi or throughout the islamic world".{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tira/hd_tira.htm|title=Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period|last=Ekhtiar|first=Maryam|date=July 2015|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2019-11-04}} Those inscriptions include the name of God or the ruler. As an example, the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock is written in Kufic. Throughout the text, we can notice the calligraphic line created by the reed pen which is usually a steady stroke with various thicknesses based on the changes in direction of the movement that has created it.{{Cite book|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|last=George|first=Alain|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|pages=55, 56, 57, 65, 72}} Square or geometric Kufic is a very simplified rectangular style widely used for tiling. In Iran sometimes entire buildings are covered with tiles spelling sacred names like those of God, Muhammad and Ali in square Kufic, a technique known as banna'i.{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Bloom|authorlink1=Jonathan M. Bloom|author2=Sheila Blair|authorlink2=Sheila Blair|title=The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA212|access-date=4 January 2012|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|pages=101, 131, 246}} Moreover, there is "Pseudo-Kufic", also "Kufesque", which refers to imitations of the Kufic script, made in a non-Arabic context, during the Middle Ages or the Renaissance: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".Mack, p.51

Square Kufic ({{langx|ar|ٱلْكُوفِيّ ٱلمُرَبَّع}}), also sometimes known as banna'i ({{lang|ar|بَنَائِيّ}}, "masonry" script), is a bare Arabic writing form that developed in the 12th century.Sakkal, Mamoun. (2004). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311707144_Principles_of_Square_Kufic_Calligraphy Principles of Square Kufic Calligraphy]. Hroof Arabiyya. 4. 4-12. {{Cite web|title=Creative Arabic Calligraphy: Square Kufic|url=https://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/creative-arabic-calligraphy-square-kufic--cms-23012|website=Design & Illustration Envato Tuts+|access-date=2020-05-21}} Invented in Iraq,{{cite book|author=Ibrahim Gomaa|title=Studying the Development of Kufic Writings on Stones in Egypt in the First Five Hijri Centuries: A Comparison in Different Places of the Muslim World|publisher=Dar al-Fikr al-Araby|date=1969}} it was prominently used in Iranian architecture with bricks and tiles functioning as pixels. Legibility is not a priority of this script.

The Syrian calligrapher Mamoun Sakkal described its development as an "exceptional step towards simplification in Kufic styles that evolved towards more complexity in the preceding centuries".

File:Alijlas kufi.png|Geometric Kufic sample (Surah 112, al-Ikhlas or "The Surah of Monotheism", of the Quran), read clockwise, starting at bottom left (begins with the Basmala)

File:Meknes Medersa Bou Inania Calligraphy.jpg|Geometric Kufic from the Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes); the text reads: بركة محمد or barakat muḥammad, i.e. "Muhammad's blessing".

File:Kufic Muhammad.svg|Another example of geometric or square Kufic script, showing four instances of the name Muhammad (in black) and four times Ali (in white); often used as a tilework pattern in Islamic architecture

File:Shahada.svg|Arabic text of the Shahada in square Kufic script, shown as buildings topped with minarets

File:Isfahan Royal Mosque minaret.JPG|Banna'i on a minaret – a repetitive pattern of square Kufic inscriptions

File:Flag of Iran.svg|("Allah") in red centred on the white band and the takbir written 11 times each in the Square Kufic script in white, at the bottom of the green and the top of the red band.

In recent years, this calligraphy form has been receiving more popularity for use in ornaments (such as in decorated clocks, frames, stickers), logos (that usually implies Islamic enterprises in government and private sectors), and even in freestyle Arabic calligraphy competitions. There has been a disciplined approach of creating Square Kufic calligraphy. This controlled method of creation preserved basic and accurate features of Arabic letters with few compromises, if any. A finished work can then be qualitatively judged rather than only appreciated as an abstract piece.

While there are no restrictions to formats that Square Kufic should be written in, Square Kufic can be categorized into three most commonly used configurations.

The normal writing format using pixelated Arabic font. The overall shape is not limited by any shape or boundary. Although this configuration is straight forward, it is not used for most Square Kufic-related work, due to its less aesthetic appearance relative to the other configurations.

Free flow is mainly used as baseline before developed into more sophisticated configurations.

Just like free flow, the writing goes from right to left but within a justified height that conforms into a continuous rectangle. The letters including their respective dots must only leave 1 pixel apart from each other.

Linear is preferred to write long scriptures such as Quranic verses along the interior perimeter or broken into lines elegantly against mosque walls.

While the name suggests a radial or circular form, they are usually presented in a square or rectangular shape. The 1 pixel space applies between the letters here as well. The major differences between a linear and a spiral Square Kufic calligraphy are

1. Spiral has a minimum of two and up to four datums; linear only has a single datum, and
2. Spiral allows letters to integrate at each corner of adjacent datums and across lines, and is only bounded by their outermost perimeter; linear letters maintain their original height even if they are warped into a spiral.

This configuration is used as a design centerpiece in buildings for shorter scriptures, name design commissions, and logos.

Square Kufic calligraphy is by no means limited to the above configurations. There are many forms that are creative iterations or independent from these formats.

File:The ‘Uthman Qur'an - Kufic.jpg|Page from a Qur'an in Kufic style, 8th century (Surah 15: 67–74)

File:Kufic Quran, sura 7, verses 86-87.jpg|Kufic script from an early Qur'an manuscript, 8th-9th century (Surah 7: 86–87)

File:Turkey.Konya035.jpg|Manuscript of the Surat Maryam of the Qur'an; Kufic script on gazelle skin, 9th century (Surah 19: 83–86)

File:4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg|The leaves from this Qur'an written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format (9th century).

File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|Folio of a Qur'an in Kufic style, ink, color and gold, 11th century, Iran (Surah 92: 1–5)

File:Bifolium Mushal al-Hadina Quran Met 2007.191.jpg|alt=Bifolio of Surat Al-An'am in the "Nurse’s Quran” (مصحف الحاضنة), commissioned by a patron named Fatima under the Zirid Dynasty in the early 11th century.|Bifolio of Surat Al-An'am in the "Nurse’s Quran" ({{Lang|ar|مصحف الحاضنة}}), commissioned by a patron named Fatima under the Zirid Dynasty in the early 11th century{{Cite web|title=Islamic art from museums around the world|url=https://arab.news/ra27f|date=2020-05-18|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}

File:مصحف عباسي بالخط الكوفي المشرقي 01.jpg|Abbasid Quran, Persia, late 11th / early 12th century

File:Bowl with Kufic Inscription.jpg|Bowl with Kufic Inscription, 9th century – Brooklyn Museum

File:Bowl with Kufic Calligraphy, 10th century.jpg|Bowl with Kufic calligraphy, 10th century – Brooklyn Museum

File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art pot 0850.1.jpg|Bowl with Kufic calligraphy, 10th century – Khalili Collection of Islamic Art

File:11th century gold Fatimid armlet (Syria).jpg|11th-century gold Fatimid armlet, inscribed with good wishes in the Kufic script (Syria)

File:Kufic alphabet.jpg|Kufic alphabet, from Fry's Pantographia (1799)

File:المنبر المرابطي 21 44 01 519000.jpeg|Almoravid Kufic adorning the Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque

File:Al-Walid ibn Abdul-Rahman - Inscribed Pound Weight - Walters 476 - Top.jpg|Inscription in Kufic (743). The Walters Art Museum.

File:Basmala kufi.svg|Drawing of an inscription of Basmala in Kufic script, 9th century. The original is in the Islamic Museum in Cairo (Inventar-Nr. 7853).

File:Flag of Iraq.svg|The flag of Iraq (Used since 2008)

File:Flag of Iraq (2004–2008).svg|The flag of Iraq (2004-2008)

Google Fonts:

• Noto Kufi Arabic{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Noto Kufi Arabic |url=https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Kufi+Arabic |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Reem Kufi{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Reem Kufi |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Reem+Kufi |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Qahiri{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Qahiri |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Qahiri |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Cairo{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Cairo |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Cairo |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Almarai{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Almarai |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Almarai |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Mada{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Mada |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Mada |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}
• Kufam{{Cite web |title=Google Fonts: Kufam |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Kufam |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Google Fonts |language=en}}

Windows:

• Andalus{{cite web |title=Windows 10 font list |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/fonts/windows_10_font_list |website=Microsoft Docs – Typography |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=30 March 2021}}

iOS:

• Diwan Kufi{{Cite web |title=Fonts included with macOS Monterey |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212587 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Apple Support |date=14 June 2022 |language=en}}

Sample text from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1:

{{Portal|Languages}}

• Ancient North Arabian script
• Ancient South Arabian script
• Hijazi script
• Maghrebi script
• Mashq script
• Muhaqqaq
• Naskh
• Nine-fold seal script (Chinese analogue to square kufic)
• Persian calligraphy
• Rayhan
• Tawqi
• Thuluth

{{reflist}}

• Kosack, Wolfgang: Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-906206-10-3}}.
• Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-520-22131-1}}

{{commons category|Kufic style}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090803120345/http://sakkal.com/instrctn/index.html Square Kufic lectures:] alphabet (stylized), examples, square designs
• [http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Fry-Pantographia/pages/p004/ Kufic manuscript alphabet]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819030419/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Mss/kufic.html On the Origins of the Kufic Script]
• [http://www.caroun.com/Calligraphy/aCalligraphyGeneral/Kufic/KuficScript.html Kufic Script]
• [http://www.kufic.info Square Kufic Script]
• [http://wiki.frath.net/Square_Kufic Square Kufic]
• [http://shirhashirim.wordpress.com/2008/02/12/square-kufic/ Square Kufic explained]

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