Kukkuzi dialect
{{Short description|Dialect of Votic spoken in a part of Russia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kukkuzi
| region = Ingria
| familycolor = Uralic
| fam2 = Finnic
| speakers = 3
| date = 2006
| states = Russia
| map = File:2.4a-Ingrian-and-Votic_traditional.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#217400|Kukkuzi}}
| linglist = vot_kuk
| speakers2 = possibly extinct
| glotto = kukk1240
| glottoname = Kukkuzi
}}
The Kukkuzi dialect or Kukkusi dialect ({{lang|ru|Куровицы}}) is a dialect of Votic spoken in {{ill|Kurovitsy|lt=Kukkuzi|ru|Куровицы (Кингисеппский район)}}.{{Cite journal|url=https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/jeful/article/view/jeful.2011.2.1.11/10281|doi = 10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.11|title = Neo-Renaissance and revitalization of Votic – who cares?|year = 2011|last1 = Kuusk|first1 = Margit|last2 = Heinsoo|first2 = Heinike|journal = Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri|volume = 2|pages = 171–184|doi-access = free}} The Kukkuzi dialect has been heavily influenced by Ingrian.{{Cite web|url=http://www.vadjamaa.narod.ru/language_eng/language_eng.html|title = Vađđamaa}}
There exists a recording session of the Kukkuzi dialect, which was made in 2008–2012.{{Cite journal|last=FEDOR|first=ROZHANSKIY|date=2019|title=A new resource for Finnic languages: The outcomes of the Ingrian documentation project|journal=|via=University of Tartu}} A Kukkuzi dialect dictionary has been made in 1980.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgr.fi/fi/items/show/422|title=Vatjan kielen Kukkosin murteen sanakirja · Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}} The Kukkuzi dialect has been declared to be dead since the 1970s, however three speakers were located in 2006.{{Citation|last1=Kuznetsova|first1=Natalia|title=Finnic Minorities of Ingria|date=2015|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10455-3_6|work=Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union|pages=127–167|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-10454-6|access-date=2021-06-19|last2=Markus|first2=Elena|last3=Muslimov|first3=Mehmet|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-10455-3_6}}
Classification
According to E.B. Markus the Kukkuzi dialect has Ingrian-like vocabulary and phonetics, while containing Votic grammar which is a result of an incomplete language switch to Ingrian.{{Cite journal|last=Рожанский|first=Маркус|date=2013|title=О статусе нижнелужского диалекта ижорского языка среди родственных идиомов|url=https://iling-ran.ru/rozhanskiy/Rozhanskiy_Markus_2013_O_statuse_nizhneluzhskogo_dialekta_izhorskogo.pdf|journal=}} However some linguists have claimed that it is a dialect of IngrianJokipii, Mauno: "Itämerensuomalaiset, Heimokansojen historiaa ja kohtaloita". Jyväskylä: Atena kustannus Oy, 1995. {{ISBN|951-9362-80-0}} {{in lang|fi}} and some classify it as a mixed language{{Cite journal |last1=Markus |first1=Elena |last2=Rozhanskiy |first2=Fedor |date=2–3 June 2011 |title=The development of a mixed language in the multilingual environment (evidence from the Kukkuzi dialect) |url=https://www.slm.uni-hamburg.de/ifuu/download/konferenzen/markus-rozhanskiy.pdf |journal=Uralic Languages and Multilingualism: Contexts and Manifestations in a Language Family}} In the past Kukkuzi has also sometimes been classified as a Finnish dialect.{{Cite journal|url=https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/38482|title = Vatjan kielen tutkimisesta ja nykytilanteesta|journal = Virittäjä|date = 4 January 1991|volume = 95|issue = 4|pages = 448|last1 = Heinsoo|first1 = Heinike}}
According to Tiit-Rein Viitso, the Kukkuzi dialect was originally a Northern Finnic dialect (related to Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian and Veps) that was influenced by Votic and later the Lower Luga dialect of Ingrian.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Fennic|first=Tiit-Rein|last=Viitso|year=1998
|encyclopedia=The Uralic Languages|editor-first=Daniel|editor-last=Abondolo}}{{Cite journal|title = The Position of Leivu|journal = Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics|date = 20 December 2021|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 123–143|last1 = Kallio|first1 = Petri}}
Phonology
- The sound {{angbr|õ}} exists in Votic but is absent in the Kukkuzi dialect.{{Cite book|last=Pajusalu|first=Karl|title=Phonological Innovations of the Southern Finnic Languages1|publisher=University of Tartu}}
- Some other features of the Kukkuzi dialect are the absence of the sound changes {{angbr|k}} > {{angbr|tš}} and s > ťś.{{Cite journal|last=Heinsoo|first=Heinike|date=1991-01-04|title=Vatjan kielen tutkimisesta ja nykytilanteesta|url=https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/38482|journal=Virittäjä|language=fi|volume=95|issue=4|pages=448|issn=2242-8828}}
- The sound k sometimes becomes k' after a front vowel.{{Cite book|last=Ossi.|first=Kokko|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/226041097|title=Inkerinsuomen pirstaleisuus : eräiden sijojen kehitys murteen yksilöllistymisen kuvastajana|date=2007|publisher=Joensuun yliopisto|isbn=978-952-219-012-3|oclc=226041097}}{{clarify|date=April 2023|reason=Is this a palatalized k or a half-long k? Or something else?}}