Kullui
{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Distinguish|text= the Kulu language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kullui
| nativename = {{lang|kfx|𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃}}, कुळूई, kuḷūī
| states = India
| region = Himachal Pradesh
| speakers = 196,295
| date = 2011
| speakers2 =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = Indo-Iranian
| fam3 = Indo-Aryan
| fam4 = Northern
| fam5 = Western Pahari
| script = Takri, Devanagari
| iso3 = kfx
| glotto = kull1236
| glottorefname = Kullu Pahari
| notice = IPA
| image = takrikullui.png
| imagecaption = Kuḷūī written in Takri Script
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}Kullui ({{Transliteration|kfx|Kullū}}, also known as Kulvi, Takri: {{Lang|kfx|𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃/𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚦𑚯}}) is Western Pahari language spoken in the Kullu District of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.{{wiktionary category 2|Kullu Pahari language}}
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable"
! ! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Retroflex ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! Glottal |
| align="center"
! Plosive | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t̪}} | {{IPA link|d̪}} | colspan="2" | | {{IPA link|ʈ}} | {{IPA link|ɖ}} | colspan="2" | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| align="center"
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | {{IPA link|ts}} | {{IPA link|dz}} | colspan="2" | | {{IPA link|c͡ç}} | {{IPA link|ɟ͡ʝ}} | colspan="2" | | | |
| align="center"
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɕ}} | colspan="2" | | {{IPA link|ħ}} | {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
| align="center"
! Nasal | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n̪}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɳ}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |
| align="center"
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɽ}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | | |
| align="center"
! Lateral | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɭ}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | | |
| align="center"
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2" | | | |
For the stops and affricates there is a four-way distinction in phonation between tenuis {{IPA|/p/}}, voiced {{IPA|/b/}}, aspirated {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and breathy voiced {{IPA|/bʱ/}} series. {{Harvtxt|Thakur|1975|pp=175–8}} lists as separate phonemes aspirated correlates of {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/ɭ/}}, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless pharyngeal friction. {{IPA|/n̪/}} is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a retroflex consonant. {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA|/ɲ/}} are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.{{sfn|Thakur|1975|p=180|ps = . An exception is the word {{IPA|[ɽəbɑːɳɑː]}} "to throw".}} The glottal stop occurs only between a vowel and {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/l/}}, e.g. {{IPA|[kɑːʔɭ]}} "a trumpet", which contrasts with {{IPA|[kɑːɭ]}} "famine". The pharyngeal fricative {{IPA|/ħ/}} historically derives from {{IPA|/s/}} and occurs word-finally, e.g. {{IPA|[ɡʱɑːħ]}} "grass", {{IPA|[biːħ]}} "twenty".{{sfn|Thakur|1975|p=181}}
Script
The native script of the language is a variety of the Takri script.
Status
The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kulluvi children are not learning Kulluvi as their mother tongue any longer.{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Citation
|last= Thakur | first= Mauluram
|title= Pahāṛī bhāṣā
|year = 1975
|publisher= Sanmarg Prakashan
|place= Delhi
}}
External links
- [http://pahari-languages.ru/?lang=en Pahari-languages.ru], a Kullui documentation project
{{Western Pahari languages}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages
Category:Endangered languages of India
Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh
Category:Languages written in Devanagari
Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census