Kunturiri (Bolivia and Chile)

{{Short description|South American volcano}}

{{About|the mountain on the border of Bolivia and Chile|other uses|Kunturiri (disambiguation){{!}}Kunturiri}}

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Kunturiri

| photo =Txu-oclc-224571178-se19-10 (Condoriri).jpg

| photo_caption =Map of the Kunturiri complex

| elevation_m = 5762

| elevation_ref = BIGM map 1:50,000 Nevados Payachata Hoja 5739-I

| prominence_m =

| prominence_ref=

| location = Bolivia / Chile

| range = Andes

| map = Bolivia

| range_coordinates =

| map_caption = Location in Bolivia, on the border with Chile

| label_position = right

| map_size = 250

| coordinates = {{coord|18|2|30|S|69|4|28|W|type:mountain_region:BO_scale:100000_source:GNS-enwiki|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| coordinates_ref=

| type =

| age = 650,000 ± 70,000 yearsClavero, J.E.; Sparks, R.S.J.; Polanco, E. 2012. Geología del Volcán Parinacota, Región de Arica y Parinacota (versión corregida). Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Básica 132: 31 p.11, 1 mapa escala 1:50.000.

| last_eruption =

| first_ascent =

| easiest_route =

}}

File:Txu-oclc-224571178-se19-10.jpg

Kunturiri (Aymara kunturi condor,[http://www.aymara.ucb.edu.bo/html/diccionario/dicframe.html aymara.ucb.edu.bo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902185052/http://www.aymara.ucb.edu.bo/html/diccionario/dicframe.html |date=2013-09-02 }} Félix Layme Payrumani, Spanish-Aymara dictionary -ri a suffix, Hispanicized spelling Condoriri) is a volcano in the Andes on the border of Bolivia and Chile which rises up to {{convert|5762|m|ft|0}}. On the Chilean side it is located in the Arica and Parinacota Region and on the Bolivian side in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, Sajama Canton as well as in the La Paz Department, Pacajes Province, Calacoto Municipality, Ulloma Canton.

Northeast of it in Bolivian territory lies Jach'a Kunturiri, due east lies Nevado Pumuta, due south Patilla Pata and northwest lies Laram Q'awa. The mountain is covered by ice along with some of the surrounding mountains and is the source of a number of rivers that flow down its slopes.{{cite map|title=Latin America, Joint Operations Graphic|author=Defense Mapping Agency|author-link=Defense Mapping Agency|map=Arica, Chile; Peru; Bolivia|map-url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/latin_america/txu-oclc-224571178-se19-10.jpg|year=1995|scale=1:250000|edition=2}} There are several lakes on the mountain, colloquially known as the Casiri Lakes; they include Sora Pata, Ch'iyar Quta, Casiri Macho and Casiri Hembra.{{cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Leiva |first1=Amado |last2=Ordenes-Clavería |first2=Rodrigo |last3=Cruz-Jofré |first3=Franco |last4=Escobar-Suárez |first4=Scott |last5=Lobos |first5=Isabel |last6=Benítez |first6=Hugo A. |title=The life history of Itylos titicaca (Weymer 1890) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatina) at 5200 m in the Chilean altiplano |journal=Nota Lepidopterologica |date=18 August 2022 |volume=45 |pages=263–268 |doi=10.3897/nl.45.86498 |url=https://nl.pensoft.net/article/86498/element/8/87540// |language=en |issn=2367-5365|doi-access=free }}

Kunturiri is part of a complex of volcanoes along the frontier between Bolivia and Chile, which have developed atop older ignimbrites of unknown thickness. Three separate stratovolcanoes generated through both effusive eruptions and explosive eruptions make up the Kunturiri complex{{cite journal |last1=Vargas-Mattos |first1=Gabriela |last2=Geraldes |first2=Mauro Cesar |last3=Salinas |first3=Ramiro Matos |title=RECONSTRUCCIÓN GEOLÓGICA DEL VOLCÁN CHULLCANI (MIOCENO SUPERIOR A PLIOCENO SUPERIOR): CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES SOBRE GEOQUÍMICA Y EDAD DE LAS FASES VOLCÁNICAS, ANDES CENTRALES DE BOLIVIA |journal=Revista Brasileira de Geociências |date=25 August 2016 |volume=36 |issue=4 |page=714 |url=http://www.ppegeo.igc.usp.br/index.php/rbg/article/view/9313 |language=es |issn=0375-7536}} and produced lava flows with lengths reaching {{convert|8|km}}.{{cite map|last1=Clavero|first1=J.|last2=Droguett|first2=B.|last3=Quiroga|first3=R.|last4=Alvarez|first4=P.|year=2018|title=Carta Lago Chungará, Región de Arica y Parinacota.|p=39}} It is formed by rocks ranging from rhyodacite to rhyolite and which contain phenocrysts of biotite, plagioclase and pyroxene.{{cite web |last1=Scandiffio |first1=G. |last2=Rodriguez |first2=J. |title=Geochemical report on the Sajama geothermal area, Bolivia |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:23047531 |website=IAEA |access-date=11 November 2018 |format=PDF |date=1990}}

The Kunturiri volcanic complex 3-2.2 million years ago was the origin of the large Lauca-Perez Ignimbrite, which covered about {{convert|15000|-|20000|km2}} of land with over {{convert|775|km3}} and reached as far as the Pacific Ocean, leaving a distinctive landscape on the Altiplano. The eruption left a caldera now presumably buried underneath the Kunturiri volcanic complex.{{Cite web|website=ResearchGate|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268419136|last1=Schroder|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Wörner|first2=Gerhard|year=1996|title=Widespread Cenozoic ignimbrites in N-Chile, W-Bolivia and S-Peru (17°-200S/710-680E): Stratigraphy, extension, correlation and origin}} While the volcanic complex was once considered to be 7-9 million years old, later efforts have found younger ages and argon-argon dating has yielded ages of 413,000 ± 5,000{{cite map|last1=Clavero|first1=J.|last2=Droguett|first2=B.|last3=Quiroga|first3=R.|last4=Alvarez|first4=P.|year=2018|title=Carta Lago Chungará, Región de Arica y Parinacota.|p=41}} and 650,000 ± 70,000 years ago for rocks erupted from the Kunturiri volcanic complex;{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=Clavero |last2=E |first2=Jorge |last3=Sparks |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Polanco |first4=Edmundo |last5=Pringle |first5=Malcolm S. |title=Evolution of Parinacota volcano, Central Andes, Northern Chile |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |date=December 2004 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=317–347 |doi=10.4067/S0716-02082004000200009 |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-02082004000200009&script=sci_arttext |issn=0716-0208|doi-access=free }} there is no fumarolic activity at Kunturiri, but Kakepe has hydrothermal activity. Glacial erosion and hydrothermal alteration have affected the complex.{{cite map|last1=Clavero|first1=J.|last2=Droguett|first2=B.|last3=Quiroga|first3=R.|last4=Alvarez|first4=P.|year=2018|title=Carta Lago Chungará, Región de Arica y Parinacota.|p=41}}

Other volcanoes in the area are Pomerape and Parinacota which are constructed on the so-called Condoriri lineament together with Kunturiri; this lineament may act as a magma pathway to the three volcanoes.{{cite journal |last1=Hora |first1=J. M. |last2=Singer |first2=B. S. |last3=Worner |first3=G. |title=Volcano evolution and eruptive flux on the thick crust of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone: 40Ar/39Ar constraints from Volcan Parinacota, Chile |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |date=1 March 2007 |volume=119 |issue=3–4 |page=360 |doi=10.1130/B25954.1 |language=en |issn=0016-7606}}