Kuvi language
{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kuvi
| altname = Kuwi, Kuvinga, Kond, Khondi, Jatapu
| nativename = କୁଭି, କୁୱି
| states = India
| region = Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
| ethnicity = 1,627,486 Khonds (2011 census)
| speakers = 155,548
| date = 2011 census
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = South-Central
| fam3 = Gondi–Kui
| fam4 = Kuvi–Kui
| script = Odia
| iso3 = kxv
| glotto = kuvi1243
| glottorefname = Kuvi
}}
Kuvi is a South-Central Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha. The language is one of two spoken by the Kandhas, with the other being the closely related and more dominant Kui language. According to the 2011 Indian census, there are around 155,000 speakers. The orthography is the Odia script. The grammatical structure of this language is comparable to other similar languages such as Kui which all fall under the classification of a Dravidian language.
Background information
According to a study regarding population structure of tribal populations in central India, information was collected from the Koraput district of Odisha about the Kuvi Kandhas. There were 325,144 people in the district according to the 1971 census. The Kuvi Kandhas are agriculturalists, and their physical appearance is similar to other Kandha groups.DAS, K., MALHOTRA, K., MUKHERJEE, B., WALTER, H., MAJUMDER, P., & PAPIHA, S. (1996). Population Structure and Genetic Differentiation among 16 Tribal Populations of Central India. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41465514 Human Biology], 68(5), 679-705.
Phonology
Within a study done by A.G. Fitzgerald and F. V. P. Schulze, they spent some time interrogating Kuvi speakers in Araku in Andhra Pradesh. Their information came from a village called Sunkarametta. They also went to Gudari to study the Kuttiya dialect of Kui, and found a Kuvi speaker. It was found that the speakers location influenced their speech. The Kuvi speaker described himself as a Parja Kandha, so some of his dialect is abbreviated by P, while the dialect studied at Araku was indicated by Su. The following vowels and consonants are necessary for the language.BURROW, T., & BHATTACHARYA, S. (1963). NOTES ON KUVI WITH A SHORT VOCABULARY. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24646681 Indo-Iranian Journal], 6(3/4), 231-289.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Vowels{{harvp|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script 72]}} ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |
| short
!long !short !long !short !long |
|---|
| align="center"
!High |{{IPAlink|i}} |{{IPAlink|iː}} | | |{{IPAlink|u}} |{{IPAlink|uː}} |
| align="center"
!Mid |{{IPAlink|e}} |{{IPAlink|eː}} | | |{{IPAlink|o}} |{{IPAlink|oː}} |
| align="center"
!Low | | |{{IPAlink|a}} |{{IPAlink|aː}} | | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-06037-3|pages=56|edition=null}} |
| colspan=2| |
|---|
| colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} | {{IPAlink|n̪}} | {{IPAlink|ɳ}} | | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |
| rowspan=2| Plosive/ Affricate ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPAlink|p}} | {{IPAlink|t̪}} | {{IPAlink|ʈ}} | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPAlink|k}} | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
| {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPAlink|b}} | {{IPAlink|d̪}} | {{IPAlink|ɖ}} | {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |
| colspan=2| Fricative
| | {{IPAlink|s}} | | | | {{IPAlink|h}} |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
| {{IPAlink|ʋ}} | {{IPAlink|l}} | | {{IPAlink|j}} | | |
| colspan=2| Rhotic
| | {{IPAlink|r}} | {{IPAlink|ɽ}} | | | |
Grammar
All Central Dravidian languages are unified in gender and number distinctions. There is the distinction of masculine vs non-masculine (or feminine and non human) both in singular and plural. There is a simplex negative tense consisting of verb base + negative suffix + personal ending present in all Dravidian languages.Krishnamurti, B. (2005). M. B. Emeneau, 1904-2005. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20064422 Journal of the American Oriental Society], 125(4), 481-497.
| class="wikitable"
!Kuvi !English |
| va:ha
|having come |
| hi:ha
|having given |
| to:sea
|having shown |
Kuvi language also contains a past negative tense with the structure- verb base + negative suffix + past suffix + personal ending.
| class="wikitable"
!Kuvi !English |
| hi: -?a-t-e?
|I did not give. |
= Past tense =
| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |Past Tense Examples{{Cite book|title=A grammar of the Kuvi language, with copious examples|last=Schulze|first=F. V. P.|place=Madras|year=1911|pages=12|url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofkuvilan00schurich}} |
| English
!Kuvi |
|---|
| I was
|nānu mazzee |
| style="width:50px"
|You were |nīnu mazzi |
| style="width:50px"
|He was |evasi mannesi |
| style="width:50px"
|She was |ēdi manne |
| We were
|mambu mannomi |
| You were
|meeru manjeri |
| They were
|evari manneri |
| We are.
|Maambu mannomi |
= Present tense =
| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center;" |
| English
!Kuvi |
|---|
| I am
|nānu mai |
| style="width:50px"
|You are |nīnu manzi |
| style="width:50px"
|He is |evasi mannesi |
| style="width:50px"
|We are |mambu mannomi |
| You are
|mimbu manzeri |
| They are
|evari manneri |
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- Burrow, T. (1943). Dravidian Studies III. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11(1), 122-139. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/609208
{{Languages of India}}
{{Dravidian languages}}