Kværner process
The Kværner process or the Kværner carbon black and hydrogen process (CB&H) is a method of producing carbon black and hydrogen gas from hydrocarbons such as methane, natural gas and biogas with no greenhouse gas pollution. The process was developed in the 1980s by the Norwegian engineering firm Kværner, and was first commercially exploited in 1999.{{Cite web|url = http://www.interstatetraveler.us/Reference-Bibliography/Bellona-HydrogenReport.html|title = Bellona Report 6:02, "Hydrogen - Status and possibilities" Hydrogen technologies|publisher = Bellona Foundation|website = Interstate Traveler Company|accessdate = 13 March 2014}} Further refinement enabled the methane pyrolysis process for implementation at high-volume and low-cost.
Description
File:Carbon-nanocones.JPG (SEM) image of carbon nanocones (maximum diameter ~1 μm) produced by pyrolysis of crude oil in the Kvaerner process.{{Cite journal|title = Carbon nanocones: wall structure and morphology|date = 29 December 2009|doi = 10.1088/1468-6996/10/6/065002|first1 = Stine Nalum|last1 = Naess|first2 = Arnljot|last2 = Elgsaeter|first3 = Geir|first4 = Kenneth D.|last3 = Helgesen|last4 = Knudsen|journal = Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|volume = 10|issue = 6|pmc=5074450|pmid=27877312|page=065002| bibcode=2009STAdM..10f5002N }}]]
The endothermic reaction separates (i.e. decomposes) hydrocarbons into carbon and hydrogen in a plasma burner at around 1600 °C. The resulting components, carbon particles and hydrogen, are present as a mixture in form of an aerosol.{{Cite web|last=Kuehl|first=Olaf|year=2016|title=US 9,309,125 B2 - PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS - Caphenia / CCP Technology Description [0048]|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/048522145/publication/US9309125B2?q=pn%3DUS9309125B2|access-date=2019-11-28|website=worldwide.espacenet.com|publisher=European Patent Office EPO}}
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In comparison to other reformation methods such as steam reforming and partial oxidation that have carbon dioxide as a by-product, there is no by-product in the Kværner process. The natural gas is efficiently and completely transformed into pure carbon and hydrogen and does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. After separating the mixture, the carbon particles can be used for instance as activated carbon, graphite or industrial soot, special kinds of carbon such as carbon discs and carbon cones (see SEM image). The carbon is obtained as black powdery solid matter and forms a technical product which may be used e.g. as filler in the rubber industry, as pigment soot for inks and paints or as raw material for electrical components. The hydrogen may be discharged for the chemical industry or may be used for generating electricity.{{Cite web|last=Kuehl|first=Olaf|year=2019|title=US 10166521 B2 - Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monixide - Caphenia / CCP Technology - Description|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/048522145/publication/US10166521B2?q=us10166521|access-date=2019-11-28|website=worldwide.espacenet.com|publisher=European Patent Office EPO}}
Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is contained in the hydrogen, 40% is contained in activated carbon and 10% in superheated steam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014|reason = Claims for high efficiency and percentage yields of products unsupported.}}[https://www.hfpeurope.org/infotools/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main03.html hfpeurope.org]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}
Plasma variation
A variation of this process using plasma arc waste disposal was presented in 2009. Methane and natural gas is converted to hydrogen, heat and carbon using a plasma converter.{{Cite web|url = http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2009/10/12/hydrogen-breakthrough-for-norwegian-company/|title = Hydrogen Breakthrough for Norwegian company|accessdate = 13 March 2014|date = 12 October 2009|website = FuelCellsWorks|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313194912/http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2009/10/12/hydrogen-breakthrough-for-norwegian-company/|archive-date = 13 March 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}
See also
References
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