Löyöp language

{{Infobox language

|name=Löyöp

|altname=

|nativename=

|pronunciation={{IPA|urr|løjøp|}}

|states=Vanuatu

|region=Ureparapara, formerly Rowa Islands

|speakers=240

|date=2010

|ref=

|familycolor=Austronesian

|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian

|fam3=Oceanic

|fam4=Southern Oceanic

|fam5=North-Central Vanuatu

|fam6=North Vanuatu

|fam7=Torres-Banks

|iso3=urr

|glotto=leha1244

|glottorefname=Lehalurup

|map = Lang Status 80-VU.svg

|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Löyöp is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}

}}

Löyöp {{IPA|[løjøp]}} (formerly known as Lehalurup) is an Oceanic language spoken by about 240 people, on the east coast of Ureparapara Island in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu.[http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-field.htm#Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages].François (2012). It is distinct from Lehali, the language spoken on the west coast of the same island.

The language was originally native to the Rowa Islands, having been brought to Ureparapara around the 1930s when a tsunami struck the Reef Islands and forced the speakers to relocate.Tryon (1972).

It is considered a vulnerable language by UNESCO.

Name

The name Löyöp {{IPA|urr|løjøp|}} used since 2009François (2009).{{Harvcoltxt|François|2011|p=194}} refers to the area called "Divers' Bay" in English, in the eastern part of Ureparapara. It derives from a Proto-Torres-Banks form *loroβi, with cognates in Lehali Loyēp {{IPA|tql|lɔjɪp|}}. The now-deprecated name Lehalurup once used by certain authors (e.g. Tryon) is likely a result from a transcription error, possibly under the influence of neighboring Lehali.

Phonology

Löyöp phonemically contrasts 16 consonants and 11 vowels.François (2021).

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Löyöp consonants !colspan="2"\| ! Labiovelar ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Post-alveolar ! Dorsal
colspan="2"\| Nasal \| {{IPA link\|ŋ͡m}}{{IPA link\|ʷ}} {{angbr\|m̄}} \| {{IPA link\|m}} {{angbr\|m}} \| {{IPA link\|n}} {{angbr\|n}} \| \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} {{angbr\|n̄}}
rowspan="2"\| Stop ! voiceless \| {{IPA link\|k͡p}}{{IPA link\|ʷ}} {{angbr\|q}} \| {{IPA link\|p}} {{angbr\|p}} \| {{IPA link\|t}} {{angbr\|t}} \| {{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr\|j}} \| {{IPA link\|k}} {{angbr\|k}}
prenasalized \| \| \| {{IPA link\|ⁿd}} {{angbr\|d}} \| \|
colspan="2"\| Fricative \| \| {{IPA link\|β}} {{angbr\|v}} \| {{IPA link\|s}} {{angbr\|s}} \| \| {{IPA link\|ɣ}} {{angbr\|g}}
colspan="2"\| Approximant \| {{IPA link\|w}} {{angbr\|w}} \| \| {{IPA link\|l}} {{angbr\|l}} \| \| {{IPA link\|j}} {{angbr\|y}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Löyöp consonants

!colspan="2"|

! Dorsal

colspan="2"| Nasal

| {{IPA link|ŋ͡m}}{{IPA link|ʷ}} {{angbr|m̄}}

| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|n̄}}

rowspan="2"| Stop

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|k͡p}}{{IPA link|ʷ}} {{angbr|q}}

| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|j}}

| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}}

prenasalized

| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|d}}

colspan="2"| Fricative

| {{IPA link|β}} {{angbr|v}}

| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}

| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|g}}

colspan="2"| Approximant

| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}

| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}

| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}

=Vowels=

These are ten short monophthongs {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ æ a œ ø y ɔ ʊ/}}, and one diphthong {{IPA|/i͡ɛ/}}.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Löyöp vowels ! rowspan=2\| ! colspan=2\|Front ! rowspan=2\|Back
plain !round
Close \| {{IPA link\|i}} {{angbr\|i}} \|\| {{IPA link\|y}} {{angbr\|u}} \|\|
Near-close \| {{IPA link\|ɪ}} {{angbr\|ē}} \|\| {{IPA link\|ø}} {{angbr\|ö}} \|\| {{IPA link\|ʊ}} {{angbr\|ō}}
Open-mid \| {{IPA link\|ɛ}} {{angbr\|e}} \|\| {{IPA link\|œ}} {{angbr\|ë}} \|\| {{IPA link\|ɔ}} {{angbr\|o}}
Near-open \| {{IPA link\|æ}} {{angbr\|ä}} \|\| \|\|
Open \| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"\| {{IPA link\|a}} {{angbr\|a}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Löyöp vowels

! rowspan=2|

! colspan=2|Front

! rowspan=2|Back

plain

!round

| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} || {{IPA link|y}} {{angbr|u}} ||

Near-close

| {{IPA link|ɪ}} {{angbr|ē}} || {{IPA link|ø}} {{angbr|ö}} || {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{angbr|ō}}

Open-mid

| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}} || {{IPA link|œ}} {{angbr|ë}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|o}}

Near-open

| {{IPA link|æ}} {{angbr|ä}} || ||

Open

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}

Grammar

The system of personal pronouns in Löyöp contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).François (2016).

Spatial reference in Löyöp is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is in part typical of Oceanic languages, and yet innovative.François (2015:) 171-172).

References

Bibliography

{{cite book|last=Tryon|first=D. T. |year=1972|chapter=The languages of the New Hebrides: A checklist and general survey|title=Papers in Linguistics of Melanesia, Series A-33|editor-last1=Beaumont|editor-first1=C.|editor-last2=Tryon|editor-first2=D. T.|editor-last3=Wurm|editor-first3=S. A.|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|ref=TR_languages}}
{{Citation

| last = François

| first = Alexandre

| author-link =

| contribution = Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu

| editor1-last = Pawley

| editor1-first = Andrew

| editor2-last = Adelaar

| editor2-first = Alexander

| title = Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust

| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf

| volume = 601

| pages = 179–195

| publisher = Pacific Linguistics

| place = Canberra

| year = 2009

| series =

| ref = aorist

}}

{{citation

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-link = Alexandre François (linguist)

|year=2011

|title=Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence

|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics

|volume=1

|issue=2

|pages=175–246

|doi=10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra

|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf

|hdl=1885/29283

|s2cid=42217419

|hdl-access=free

}}.

{{citation

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-mask=2

|year=2012

|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages

|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language

|volume=2012

|issue=214

|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022

|pages=85–110

|s2cid=145208588

|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf

|ref=AF-diversity

}}

{{Cite book

| publisher = Asia-Pacific Linguistics

| isbn = 978-1-922185-23-5

| pages = 137–195

|editor=Alexandre François |editor2=Sébastien Lacrampe |editor3=Michael Franjieh |editor4=Stefan Schnell

| last = François

| first = Alexandre

|author-mask=2

| title = The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity

| chapter = The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages

| location = Canberra

| series = Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia

| url = http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819

| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf

| date = 2015

| hdl = 1885/14819

| ref = updown }}

{{citation

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-mask=2

|year=2016

|contribution = The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu

|editor1-last = Pozdniakov

|editor1-first = Konstantin

|title = Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles

|volume = 47

|pages = 25–60

|publisher = Peter Lang

|place = Bern

|series = Faits de Langues

|contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf

|ref=pronouns

}}

{{cite web

|url=https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Löyöp?lang=en&mode=pro

|title=Presentation of the Löyöp language and audio archive

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-link=

|date=2021

|website=Pangloss Collection

|location=Paris

|publisher=CNRS

|access-date=21 Feb 2022

|quote=

|ref=pangloss}}

External links

[https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Löyöp?lang=en&mode=pro Audio recordings in the Löyöp language] (Pangloss Collection)

Category:Banks–Torres languages

Category:Languages of Vanuatu

Category:Vulnerable languages