LAMP (software bundle)#WAMP

The acronym LAMP was coined by Michael Kunze in the December 1998 issue of Computertechnik, a German computing magazine, as he demonstrated that a bundle of free and open-source software "could be a feasible alternative to expensive commercial packages".{{Cite web |last=Kunze |first=Michael |date=December 1998 |title=LAMP: Freeware Web Publishing System with Database Support |url=http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/12/230/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203093819/http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/12/230/ |archive-date=1999-02-03 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=c't}} Since then, O'Reilly Media and MySQL teamed up to popularize the acronym and evangelize its use.{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Russell|title=How To: LAMP|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2553939/lamp.html|access-date=15 December 2021|work=Computerworld|date=25 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711113036/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2553939/lamp.html|archive-date=11 July 2021|url-status=live}} One of the first open-source software stacks for the web, the term and the concept became popular. The stack is capable of hosting a variety of web frameworks and applications, such as WordPress and Drupal.{{cite web|title=LAMP stack|url=https://www.ibm.com/topics/lamp-stack|website=IBM cloud learn hub|date=October 2015 |publisher=IBM|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215082654/https://www.ibm.com/topics/lamp-stack|archive-date=15 December 2021|url-status=live}}

{{redirect|WAMP}}

The LAMP model has been adapted to other componentry, though typically consisting of free and open-source software. With the growing use of the archetypal LAMP, variations and retronyms appeared for other combinations of operating system, web server, database, and software language. For example, an equivalent installation on the Microsoft Windows operating system family is known as WAMP. An alternative running IIS in place of Apache is called WIMP. Variants involving other operating systems include DAMP, which uses the Darwin operating system. {{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfKggD2umXUC |title=Mac OS X in a Nutshell |last2=Toporek |first2=Chuck |last3=Stone |first3=Chris |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-596-00370-8 |pages=327–333}}

The web server or database management system also varies. LEMP is a version where Apache has been replaced with the more lightweight web server Nginx.{{cite web|url=https://lemp.io|title=LEMP stack (Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP)|publisher=lemp.io|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119140929/https://lemp.io/|archive-date=19 November 2021}} A version where MySQL has been replaced by PostgreSQL is called LAPP, or sometimes by keeping the original acronym, LAMP (Linux / Apache / Middleware (Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby) / PostgreSQL).{{cite web|url=http://www.postgresql.org/about/users/|title=Featured users|publisher=PostgreSQL|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122075743/http://www.postgresql.org/about/users/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=dead}}

The LAMP bundle can be combined with many other free and open-source software packages, including:

• netsniff-ng for security testing and hardening
• Snort, an intrusion detection (IDS) and intrusion prevention (IPS) system
• RRDtool for diagrams
• Nagios, Collectd or Cacti, for monitoring.

As another example, the software which Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects use for their underlying infrastructure is a customized LAMP stack with additions such as Linux Virtual Server (LVS) for load balancing and Ceph and Swift for distributed object storages.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

File:LAMPP Architecture.png serves just as a browser example.)]]

{{Main|Linux}}

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. Most Linux distributions, as collections of software based around the Linux kernel and often around a package management system, provide complete LAMP setups through their packages. According to W3Techs in October 2013, 58.5% of web server market share is shared between Debian and Ubuntu, while RHEL, Fedora and CentOS together shared 37.3%.{{cite web|url=http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos|title=Debian/Ubuntu extend the dominance in the Linux web server market|publisher=W³Techs|access-date=16 December 2021}}

{{Main|Apache HTTP Server}}

The role of LAMP's web server has been traditionally supplied by Apache, and has since included other web servers such as Nginx.

Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. Released under the Apache License, Apache is open-source software. A wide variety of features are supported, and many of them are implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality of Apache. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication.

{{Main|MySQL|MariaDB|MongoDB}}

MySQL's original role as the LAMP's relational database management system has since been alternately provisioned by others like PostgreSQL, MariaDB (a community-developed fork of MySQL developed by its original developers), and even NoSQL databases like MongoDB.

MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL database management system,{{cite web|url=http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/topreasons_pm.html|title=Top reasons for product managers to embed|publisher=MySQL|access-date=27 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702100433/http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/topreasons_pm.html|archive-date=2 July 2014|df=dmy-all}} acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008, which was then acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206900327|title=Sun locks up MySQL, looks to future web development|publisher=InformationWeek|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228204215/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206900327|archive-date=28 February 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Since its early years, the MySQL team has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements.

PostgreSQL is also an ACID-compliant object-relational database management system developed by PostgreSQL Global Development Group.

MongoDB is a NoSQL database that eschews the traditional relational database structure in favor of JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (calling the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster.

{{Main|PHP|Perl|Python (programming language)}}

PHP's role as the LAMP's application programming language has also been performed by other languages such as Perl and Python.

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP code is interpreted by a web server via a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page. PHP commands can optionally be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.{{cite web|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php|work=PHP Manual|title=Introduction: What can PHP do?|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215010338/http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php|archive-date=15 December 2021}} PHP is free software released under the terms of PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to the restrictions PHP License places on the usage of the term PHP.{{cite web|title=GPL-incompatible, free software licenses|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#GPLIncompatibleLicenses|work=Various licenses and comments about them|publisher=Free software foundation|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216223323/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html|archive-date=16 December 2021}}

Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Raku.{{cite web|url=http://www.perl.org/about.html|title=About Perl|access-date=16 December 2021|publisher=perl.org|quote="Perl" is a family of languages, "Perl 6" is part of the family, but it is a separate language which has its own development team. Its existence has no significant impact on the continuing development of "Perl 5".|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122005537/https://www.perl.org/about.html|archive-date=22 November 2021}} They provide advanced text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools,{{cite book|title=Programming Perl, third edition|author1=Wall, Larry|author2=Tom Christiansen|author3=Jon Orwant|publisher=O'Reilly Media|date=July 2000|isbn=0-596-00027-8}} facilitating manipulation of text files. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language for the Web, in part due to its parsing abilities.{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Roderick W.|title=Advanced Linux networking|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|date=21 June 2002|page=594|isbn=978-0-201-77423-8}}

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level, interpreted, programming language.{{cite web|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2006/08/programming-language-trends.html|title=Programming language trends – O'Reilly radar|publisher=Radar.oreilly.com|date=2 August 2006|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144323/http://radar.oreilly.com/2006/08/programming-language-trends.html|archive-date=24 September 2021}} Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural paradigms. It features a dynamic type system, automatic memory management, a standard library, and strict use of whitespace.{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/about|title=About Python|publisher=Python software foundation|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216131820/https://www.python.org/about/|archive-date=16 December 2021}} Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts.

{{Main|High availability|Load balancing (computing)|Replication (computing)|l2=Load balancing|l3=Replication}}

Specific approaches are required for websites that serve large numbers of requests, or provide services that demand high uptime. High-availability approaches for the LAMP stack may involve multiple web and database servers, combined with additional components that perform logical aggregation of resources provided by each of the servers, as well as distribution of the workload across multiple servers. The aggregation of web servers may be provided by placing a load balancer in front of them, for example by using Linux Virtual Server (LVS). For the aggregation of database servers, MySQL provides internal replication mechanisms that implement a master/slave relationship between the original database (master) and its copies (slaves).{{cite web|url=http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/eae/fu2k71/4obradovic.pdf|title=Measurement of the achieved performance levels of the web applications with distributed relational database|work=Electronics and energetics|volume=20|number=1|page=31{{ndash}}43|date=April 2007|access-date=16 December 2021|first1=Dragan|last1=Simic|first2=Srecko|last2=Ristic|first3=Slobodan|last3=Obradovic|publisher=Facta Universitatis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007072939/http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/eae/fu2k71/4obradovic.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2021}}

Such high-availability setups may also improve the availability of LAMP instances by providing various forms of redundancy, making it possible for a certain number of components (separate servers) to experience downtime without interrupting the users of services provided as a whole. Such redundant setups may also handle hardware failures resulting in data loss on individual servers in a way that prevents collectively stored data from actually becoming lost. Beside higher availability, such LAMP setups are capable of providing almost linear improvements in performance for services having the number of internal database read operations much higher than the number of write/update operations.

{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Linux|Internet}}

• JAMstack
• LYME{{snd}} a software stack based on Erlang
• MEAN{{snd}} a JavaScript software stack for building dynamic web sites and web applications
• Solution stack
• Web content management system
• Web Platform Installer

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