LGBTQ rights in Oregon

During European settlement of Oregon in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the region was infamous for its "temptation towards immorality", mostly due to its overwhelmingly male population. Among the Native Americans, perceptions towards gender and sexuality were very different from those of the Western world. The Northern Paiute people, for instance, recognize male-bodied individuals who act, behave and live as women, known as tüdayapi. Similarly, among the Modoc and the Klamath peoples, t'winiːq individuals form a "third gender" alongside male and female.

Oregon, then known as the Oregon Territory, adopted its first criminal code in 1850. It made no mention of sodomy or common law crimes. This changed in 1853, when the Oregon Territorial Legislature passed laws criminalizing sodomy with one to five years' imprisonment. This was later extended to one to fifteen years' imprisonment, after the so-called Portland vice scandal. In 1913, the Oregon Supreme Court, in State v. Start, held that fellatio (oral sex), whether heterosexual or homosexual, also constituted an offence, and similarly in 1928 that mutual masturbation was also criminal. In addition to imprisonment, sterilization became a possible penalty for sodomy in 1913, though this was later repealed by voters with a 56% majority. Nonetheless, a similar law was passed in 1917, but was declared unconstitutional in 1921. Up until then, 127 sterilizations had been carried out in the state, many on "flagrant masturbators or sex perverts". Oregon accounted for about 92% of the total castrations performed in the United States between 1907 and 1921. The state enacted another sterilization law in 1923, providing for the castration or oophorectomy of "[...] moral degenerates and sexual perverts". By 1960, 2,293 people had been sterilized under this law, most of them women. The law was amended in 1965, and was made applicable only to the "mentally ill and the mentally retarded". Cunnilingus was found to be a violation of the sodomy law in 1961, in the case of State v. Black.

In 1953, Oregon passed a psychopathic offender law, under which those convicted of sodomy could receive a life sentence. This was amended ten years later to apply only to sexual activity with children under the age of 12.

Oregon decriminalized same-sex sexual activity in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-sodomy-law |title=Oregon Sodomy Law |publisher=Hrc.org |access-date=August 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504091549/http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-sodomy-law |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |url-status=dead}}

Renewed debate surrounding the state's sodomy law began in the 1970s. The Criminal Law Revision Commission was of the opinion that "any sexual conduct engaged in between consenting adults, whether of a heterosexual or homosexual nature" should not be outlawed. This received notably little opposition, with reportedly only one person testifying against it. In 1971, the Oregon Legislative Assembly repealed the consensual sodomy law and established an age of consent of 18, effective in 1972. At the same time, it also passed a controversial "lewd solicitation" provision, making it a criminal offence to invite a person in a public place to have sexual intercourse. This provision was declared unconstitutional by the Oregon Supreme Court on free speech grounds in a unanimous decision in 1981.

{{Main|Domestic partnership in Oregon|Same-sex marriage in Oregon}}

Same-sex marriage was legalized in Oregon on May 19, 2014, after U.S. District Court Judge Michael McShane ruled that the state's 2004 constitutional amendment banning such marriages was unconstitutional in relation to the Equal Protection Clause of the Federal Constitution.{{cite news|last=Mapes|first=Jeff|newspaper=The Oregonian|title=Oregon gay marriage ban struck down by federal judge; same-sex marriages to begin|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/05/oregon_gay_marriage_ban_struck.html|date=May 19, 2014|access-date=May 19, 2014}} Prior to that ruling, same-sex marriage was prohibited by the State Constitution due to the passage of a ballot measure on November 2, 2004.{{cite news|last=Kershaw|first=Sarah|title=Gay Marriage Bans Gain Wide Support in 10 States|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/03/politics/campaign/03gay.html|access-date=December 11, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 3, 2004}} Proponents had formed a campaign to place a same-sex marriage initiative on the ballot in November 2014,{{cite news|last=McCarron|first=Steve|title=Gay marriage supporters in Oregon focused on Nov. 2014 ballot|url=http://www.kptv.com/story/22699416/gay-marriage-supporters-in-oregon-now-focused-on-2014-ballot|access-date=July 1, 2013|newspaper=FOX12 Oregon|date=June 27, 2013|archive-date=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124154259/http://www.kptv.com/story/22699416/gay-marriage-supporters-in-oregon-now-focused-on-2014-ballot|url-status=dead}} but those plans were cancelled because of the May 2014 ruling legalizing marriage for same-sex couples in the state.

Domestic partnerships for same-sex couples have been available since February 4, 2008, when the Oregon Family Fairness Act took effect.{{cite web|title=Oregon Registered Domestic Partners|url=http://www.oregon.gov/BOLI/CRD/docs/registered_domestic_partners.pdf|publisher=State of Oregon|access-date=December 11, 2012}}

Oregon has provided benefits to same-sex partners of state employees since 1998.National Conference of State Legislatures: [http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=16315 "States offering benefits for same-sex partners of state employees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502081936/http://www.ncsl.org/Default.aspx?TabId=16315 |date=May 2, 2010 }}, accessed April 16, 2011

Since October 16, 2013, based on an opinion from the state Department of Justice, Oregon has recognized same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.{{cite news|last=Damewood |first=Andrea |title=Oregon To Recognize Marriages of Gay Couples Wed Out of State |url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog-30815-permalink.html |access-date=February 13, 2014 |newspaper=Willamette Week |date=October 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224052637/http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog-30815-permalink.html |archive-date=February 24, 2014 }} In July 2015, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a bill to codify gender-neutral marriage in various state statutes, effective from January 1, 2016.{{Cite web |url=http://openstates.org/or/bills/2015%20Regular%20Session/HB2478/ |title=HB 2478 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724120359/http://openstates.org/or/bills/2015%20Regular%20Session/HB2478/ |url-status=dead }}[http://gov.oregonlive.com/bill/2015/HB2478/ House Bill 2478]

In April 2023, a bill passed both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly to allow opposite-sex couples to formally enter into a domestic partnerships. The bill was signed into law by the Governor of Oregon and goes into effect on January 1, 2024.{{cite web | url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/HB2032/2023 | title=Oregon HB2032 | 2023 | Regular Session }}

Same-sex couples, whether unmarried or married, may apply to adopt. Lesbian couples have access to assisted reproduction services, such as in vitro fertilization, and state law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.{{cite web|url=http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality_maps/profile_state/OR|title=Oregon's equality profile|work=Movement Advancement Project}}

Surrogacy is neither expressly prohibited nor permitted in Oregon. However, courts are generally favorable to surrogacy, which means both the surrogate and the intended parents, including same-sex couples, can pursue a surrogacy arrangement in the state.{{cite web|url=https://www.americansurrogacy.com/surrogacy/oregon-surrogacy-laws|title=What You Need to Know About Surrogacy in Oregon|work=American Surrogacy}}

File:Pride parade, Portland, Oregon (2015) - 161.JPG

File:Pride parade, Portland, Oregon (2015) - 189.JPG

Since January 1, 2008, Oregon has banned unfair discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations based on sexual orientation or gender identity.{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-non-discrimination-law |title=Oregon Non-Discrimination Law |publisher=Hrc.org |access-date=August 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111041124/http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-non-discrimination-law |archive-date= November 11, 2013 |url-status=dead}} The protections were added by the Oregon Equality Act, signed into law by Governor Ted Kulongoski on May 9, 2007.{{cite news|url=http://www.salem-news.com/articles/may092007/meaure_2_5907.php|title=Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski Signs Basic Fairness Legislation: House Bill 2007 and Senate Bill 2|publisher=Salem News|date=May 9, 2007}} "Sexual orientation" is defined under state law as "an individual's actual or perceived heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality or gender identity, regardless of whether the individual's gender identity, appearance, expression or behavior differs from that traditionally associated with the individual's assigned sex at birth."{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonlaws.org/glossary/definition/sexual_orientation|title=Sexual orientation|work=OregonLaws.org|access-date=2 September 2020}}

Moreover, the state's anti-bullying law prohibits bullying on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, marital status, familial status, source of income and disability. The law also explicitly includes cyberbullying and harassment, and applies to all public schools.[https://www.stopbullying.gov/laws/oregon/index.html Oregon Anti-Bullying Laws & Policies]

In October 2019, Governor Kate Brown signed an executive order to add gender identity to a 1987 policy that prohibits state agencies from engaging in unlawful discrimination (in hiring, the provision of public services, or any government-related interactions). The order had already included sexual orientation. Agencies will also be required an include a third gender option ("X") as a sex descriptor.{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-discrimination-protection-lgbt-gender-identity/|title=Oregon Expands Non-Discrimination Protections To Include Gender Identity|work=opb.org|date=October 25, 2019|last=Powell|first=Meerah}}

In June 2021, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a bill to update the 2008 legal definition of "gender identity". The Governor of Oregon Kate Brown signed the bill into law and becomes effective immediately.{{Cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/06/07/bill-to-expand-protections-for-oregonians-gender-identity-clears-oregon-senate/|title=Bill to expand protections for Oregonians' gender identity clears Oregon Senate}}{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/HB3041/2021|title=Oregon HB3041 | 2021 | Regular Session}}

Effective from January 1, 2022, a law (that was overturned by the courts on May 11, 2022{{cite web | url=https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2022/05/judge-ends-oregon-ban-on-love-letters-from-prospective-homeowners.html | title=Judge ends Oregon ban on 'love letters' from would-be homebuyers | date=May 11, 2022 }}) banning real estate agents (buying or selling) from sharing documents that include protected class information that could lead to intentional or unintentional discrimination against clients and/or individuals due to sexual orientation and gender identity grounds - that the Governor of Oregon Kate Brown signed a bill (HB2550) into law in June 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://pamplinmedia.com/sg/77-news/519215-414692-oregon-lawmakers-love-letter-ban-ignites-real-estate-debate?wallit_nosession=1|title = Oregon lawmaker's love-letter ban ignites real estate debate}}

State hate crime statutes provide for additional legal penalties for crimes committed based on the victim's gender identity or sexual orientation (alongside other categories, such as religion, race, disability and/or sex).{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-hate-crimes-law |title=Oregon Hate Crimes Law |publisher=Hrc.org |date=October 2, 2008 |access-date=August 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025939/http://www.hrc.org/laws-and-legislation/entry/oregon-hate-crimes-law |archive-date= December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}

In May 2021, both the Oregon Legislature passed and the Governor of Oregon Kate Brown signed the bill SB704 into law (effective January 1, 2022) - a law to abolish the archaic common-law "gay panic defence" and/or "trans panic defence" within murder, manslaughter and hate crime legal cases in all Oregon court rooms for judges, lawyers and/or juries.{{Cite web|first=Josh|last=Milton|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/05/24/oregon-gay-trans-panic-defense-ban-governor-kate-brown/|title = Oregon becomes 14th state to ban reviled LGBT+ panic defence. Just 36 to go|website=Pink News|date = May 24, 2021}}{{Cite web|first=Douglas |last=Perry|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2021/05/oregon-house-unanimously-passes-ban-of-gay-panic-legal-defense.html|title = Oregon House unanimously passes ban of 'gay panic' legal defense|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=May 14, 2021}}{{Cite web|first=Peter|last=Wong|date=May 14, 2021|url=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/508774-406906-legislation-bars-gay-panic-defense-in-murder-cases|title = Legislation bars 'gay panic' defense in Oregon murder cases|newspaper=Portland Tribune}}{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/SB704/2021|title = Oregon SB704 | 2021 | Regular Session}}{{Cite web|first=Alex|last=Bollinger|date=May 14, 2021|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2021/05/gov-kate-brown-set-ban-lawyers-using-panic-excuse-killing-lgbtq-people/|title = Out Gov. Kate Brown set to ban lawyers from using "panic" excuse for killing LGBTQ people|website=LGBTQ Nation}}

{{see|Transgender rights in the United States}}

In January 2013, as part of an out-of-court settlement in a discrimination suit with a public employee related to medical insurance coverage of a gender assignment surgical procedure, the state agreed to provide full medical insurance coverage for all such surgeries, drugs, and related treatments for individuals covered on public employee health plans.{{cite news|title=Oregon state employee benefits now cover gender-reassignment surgery|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/01/oregon_state_employee_benefits.html |access-date=July 1, 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|agency=Associated Press|date=January 24, 2013}}

Since 2014, sex reassignment surgery has not been a requirement to change the gender marker on an Oregon birth certificate. Transgender individuals can apply to change legal gender solely by request.{{cite web|last1=Straus|first1=Becky|first2=Kevin|last2=Diaz|first3=Amanda|last3=Goad|title=Oregon Legislature Repeals Surgery Requirement for Gender Change on Birth Certificate|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/lgbt-rights-womens-rights/oregon-legislature-repeals-surgery-requirement-gender-change-birth|website=ACLU Blog of Rights|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=August 17, 2014|ref=ACLU blog|date=June 14, 2013}} In addition, in August 2014, state officials announced that Oregon Medicaid would shortly begin covering hormone therapy and other treatments related to sex reassignment.{{cite news|title=Oregon Medicaid to cover gender reassignment|url=https://katu.com/news/local/oregon-medicaid-to-cover-gender-reassignment|access-date=August 17, 2014|agency=Associated Press|website=KATU|date=August 15, 2014}}

On June 10, 2016, an Oregon circuit court ruled that a resident could legally change their gender to non-binary. The Transgender Law Center believed this to be "the first ruling of its kind in the U.S."{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/oregon-court-rules-non-binary-gender-legal/ |author=O'Hara, Mary Emily |title='Nonbinary' is now a legal gender, Oregon court rules |website=The Daily Dot |date=June 10, 2016}} Since July 1, 2017, the Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles has offered a third choice for gender on driver's licenses and IDs: "X", designating a neutral or non-binary gender identity.[http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/06/oregon_becomes_first_state_to.html Oregon becomes first state to allow nonbinary on drivers license] The "X" option is also available for birth certificates.

In May 2017, a bill passed the Oregon Legislative Assembly to abolish the 1991 requirement for transgender people to publish their names in newspapers before they can undergo a legal change of sex on government documents. This requirement was viewed as a breach of privacy and a safety risk for transgender people.{{Cite web |url=https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2017R1/Measures/Overview/HB2673 |title=HB 2673 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129234459/https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2017R1/Measures/Overview/HB2673 |url-status=dead }} In January 2019, Representative Karin Power introduced a bill to amend a 1951 Oregon mental health law that equated "transvestites" with pedophilia. In April 2019, the bill passed the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 58–2 in the House and 29–0 with 1 excused in the Senate. Governor Kate Brown signed it into law on May 6.{{Cite web |url=https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Measures/Overview/HB2589 |title=HB 2589, 2019 Regular Session |access-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402041339/https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Measures/Overview/HB2589 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/HB2589/2019|title=HB2589|work=LegiScan}}{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2019/01/22/25597988/a-bill-in-the-oregon-legislature-would-remove-transphobic-language-from-state-law|title=A Bill in the Oregon Legislature Would Remove Transphobic Language From State Law|work=Portland Mercury|date=January 22, 2019|last=Stenvick|first=Blair}}

In December 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari to Parents for Privacy v. Barr, a case that had challenged a transgender-inclusive policy in public schools. The United States District Court for the District of Oregon had ruled against the plaintiffs on July 24, 2018; a decision upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on February 12, 2020.{{cite web|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/12/supreme-court-hands-victory-transgender-students-locker-room-case/|title= Supreme Court hands victory to transgender students in locker room case |work=LGBTQ Nation|date=December 7, 2020|last=Browning|first=Bill}}{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/supreme-court-rejects-case-over-bathroom-policy-for-transgender-students/ar-BB1bHHVp|title= Supreme Court rejects case over bathroom policy for transgender students|work=The Microsoft Network|date=December 7, 2020|last=Quinn|first=Melissa|location=Washington D.C.}}{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/supreme-court-rejects-oregon-transgender-bathroom-lawsuit-2020-12|title= Oregon parents again tried to keep transgender students from using school bathrooms, and the Supreme Court wouldn't even hear the case|work=Business Insider|date=December 7, 2020|last=Hall|first=Madison}}

In May 2023, the Oregon House of Representatives passed a bill to explicitly "protect and defend" gender-affirming healthcare for transgender individuals - who especially enter into Oregon jurisdictional boundaries from interstate. The bill was essentially "frozen" in the Oregon Senate for a time, because the GOP staged a record-breakingly long boycott.{{cite web | url=https://www.opb.org/article/2023/05/04/gop-boycott-in-oregon-senate-second-day/ | title=GOP boycott in Oregon Senate extends to second day | work=opb }}{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/oregon-walkout-republicans-boycott-abortion-gun-control-bills-173513a8fb3e105131aeacefe59f18b1 | title=Hard to read? Oregon GOP boycott comes down to reading level | website=Associated Press News | date=May 5, 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.kptv.com/2023/05/02/oregon-lawmakers-pass-bill-protecting-rights-abortion-gender-affirming-healthcare/ | title=Oregon House passes bill expanding access to abortion, gender-affirming healthcare | date=May 2, 2023 }} In late June, the boycott ended and the bill finally passed the Senate with "watered down amendments". The House concured to passed the amendments and was finally enrolled to the Governor's desk. Governor Tina Kotek signed the bill into law on July 13, 2023.{{cite web | url=https://www.klcc.org/politics-government/2023-06-21/oregon-reproductive-rights-and-gender-affirming-care-bill-heads-to-governors-desk | title=Oregon reproductive rights and gender-affirming care bill heads to governor's desk | date=June 22, 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/HB2002/2023 | title=Oregon HB2002 | 2023 | Regular Session }}

{{See also|List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy}}

Oregon became the third state to ban performing sexual orientation change efforts (conversion therapy) on minors. In 2015, the Legislative Assembly passed a bill banning conversion therapy on minors. The bill passed the House by a vote of 41–18 on March 17 and the Senate by a vote of 21–8 on May 7. On May 18, 2015, Governor Kate Brown signed the bill into law, and it went into effect on July 1, 2015.{{cite news|first=Ian K.|last=Kullgren|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/05/bill_to_ban_conversion_therapy.html|title=Bill to ban conversion therapy for LGBT youth sent to Kate Brown's desk|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=May 7, 2015}}[https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2015R1/Measures/Overview/HB2307 HB2307], Oregon Legislature

In June 2021, a bill (SB52) passed the Oregon Legislative Assembly to implement LGBTIQ+ safe policies and procedures by the Oregon Department of Education - within all the schools, universities and/or colleges throughout Oregon. The Governor of Oregon Kate Brown signed the bill into law in July 2021 and went into effect immediately.{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/SB52/2021|title = Oregon SB52 | 2021 | Regular Session}}

The 39th [[Governor of Oregon, Tina Kotek (in 2021) is openly Lesbian|thumb|right]]

Oregon's governor, Tina Kotek, is openly lesbian, married to her spouse Aimee Wilson. Former Oregon Governor Kate Brown was the first openly bisexual governor in United States history. Michael McShane, the judge who struck down Oregon's same-sex marriage ban, is also openly gay. Sam Adams was Portland's first openly gay city councilor and the first openly gay mayor of a top-30 U.S. city.{{cite web|url=https://www.glapn.org/6066SamAdamsProfile.html|title=Sam Adams|work=GLAPN|accessdate=18 June 2020}}

A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) opinion poll found that 78% of Oregon residents supported same-sex marriage, while 22% were opposed. Additionally, 86% of Oregon residents supported discrimination protections covering sexual orientation and gender identity, while 13% were opposed and 1% were unsure. [https://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2022/States/lgbtdis/m/US-OR Public opinion on gay and lesbian people by state: Oregon]

{{Portal|LGBTQ|Oregon}}

• Hands Across Hawthorne
• Oregon Citizens Alliance
• LGBT culture in Portland, Oregon
• LGBT culture in Eugene, Oregon

{{reflist}}

• Casey Parks, [http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/07/sweet_cakes_lesbians.html "The Hate Keeps Coming: Pain Lingers for Lesbian Couple Denied in Sweet Cakes Case,"] The Oregonian, July 2, 2016.

{{LGBT rights in the United States}}