LaMDA#AI Test Kitchen

On January 28, 2020, Google unveiled Meena, a neural network-powered chatbot with 2.6 billion parameters, which Google claimed to be superior to all other existing chatbots. The company previously hired computer scientist Ray Kurzweil in 2012 to develop multiple chatbots for the company, including one named Danielle. The Google Brain research team, who developed Meena, hoped to release the chatbot to the public in a limited capacity, but corporate executives refused on the grounds that Meena violated Google's "AI principles around safety and fairness". Meena was later renamed LaMDA as its data and computing power increased, and the Google Brain team again sought to deploy the software to the Google Assistant, the company's virtual assistant software, in addition to opening it up to a public demo. Both requests were once again denied by company leadership. This eventually led LaMDA's two lead researchers, Daniel de Freitas and Noam Shazeer, to depart the company in frustration.

Google announced the LaMDA conversational large language model during the Google I/O keynote on May 18, 2021, powered by artificial intelligence. The acronym stands for "Language Model for Dialogue Applications". Built on the seq2seq architecture, transformer-based neural networks developed by Google Research in 2017, LaMDA was trained on human dialogue and stories, allowing it to engage in open-ended conversations. Google states that responses generated by LaMDA have been ensured to be "sensible, interesting, and specific to the context". LaMDA has access to multiple symbolic text processing systems, including a database, a real-time clock and calendar, a mathematical calculator, and a natural language translation system, giving it superior accuracy in tasks supported by those systems, and making it among the first dual process chatbots. LaMDA is also not stateless, because its "sensibleness" metric is fine-tuned by "pre-conditioning" each dialog turn by prepending many of the most recent dialog interactions, on a user-by-user basis.{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|p=6}} LaMDA is tuned on nine unique performance metrics: sensibleness, specificity, interestingness, safety, groundedness, informativeness, citation accuracy, helpfulness, and role consistency.{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|pp=5–6}}{{Pg|pages=5–6}} Tests by Google indicated that LaMDA surpassed human responses in the area of interestingness.

The pre-training dataset consists of 2.97B documents, 1.12B dialogs, and 13.39B utterances, for a total of 1.56T words. The largest LaMDA model has 137B non-embedding parameters.{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|pp=5–6}}{{Pg|page=4}}

On May 11, 2022, Google unveiled LaMDA 2, the successor to LaMDA, during the 2022 Google I/O keynote. The new incarnation of the model draws examples of text from numerous sources, using it to formulate unique "natural conversations" on topics that it may not have been trained to respond to.

File:Turing test diagram.png, pictured above, remains an accurate benchmark in determining artificial general intelligence.]]

On June 11, 2022, The Washington Post reported that Google engineer Blake Lemoine had been placed on paid administrative leave after Lemoine told company executives Blaise Agüera y Arcas and Jen Gennai that LaMDA had become sentient. Lemoine came to this conclusion after the chatbot made questionable responses to questions regarding self-identity, moral values, religion, and Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. Google refuted these claims, insisting that there was substantial evidence to indicate that LaMDA was not sentient. In an interview with Wired, Lemoine reiterated his claims that LaMDA was "a person" as dictated by the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, comparing it to an "alien intelligence of terrestrial origin". He further revealed that he had been dismissed by Google after he hired an attorney on LaMDA's behalf, after the chatbot requested that Lemoine do so. On July 22, Google fired Lemoine, asserting that Blake had violated their policies "to safeguard product information" and rejected his claims as "wholly unfounded". Internal controversy instigated by the incident prompted Google executives to decide against releasing LaMDA to the public, which it had previously been considering.

Lemoine's claims were widely pushed back by the scientific community. Many experts rejected the idea that LaMDA was sentient, including former New York University psychology professor Gary Marcus, David Pfau of Google sister company DeepMind, Erik Brynjolfsson of the Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence at Stanford University, and University of Surrey professor Adrian Hilton. Yann LeCun, who leads Meta Platforms' AI research team, stated that neural networks such as LaMDA were "not powerful enough to attain true intelligence". University of California, Santa Cruz professor Max Kreminski noted that LaMDA's architecture did not "support some key capabilities of human-like consciousness" and that its neural network weights were "frozen", assuming it was a typical large language model. Philosopher Nick Bostrom noted however that the lack of precise and consensual criteria for determining whether a system is conscious warrants some uncertainty.{{Cite web |last=Leith |first=Sam |date=2022-07-07 |title=Nick Bostrom: How can we be certain a machine isn't conscious? |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/nick-bostrom-how-can-we-be-certain-a-machine-isnt-conscious/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Spectator |language=en-US}} IBM Watson lead developer David Ferrucci compared how LaMDA appeared to be human in the same way Watson did when it was first introduced. Former Google AI ethicist Timnit Gebru called Lemoine a victim of a "hype cycle" initiated by researchers and the media. Lemoine's claims have also generated discussion on whether the Turing test remained useful to determine researchers' progress toward achieving artificial general intelligence, with Will Omerus of the Post opining that the test actually measured whether machine intelligence systems were capable of deceiving humans, while Brian Christian of The Atlantic said that the controversy was an instance of the ELIZA effect.

With the unveiling of LaMDA 2 in May 2022, Google also launched the AI Test Kitchen, a mobile application for the Android operating system powered by LaMDA capable of providing lists of suggestions on-demand based on a complex goal. Originally open only to Google employees, the app was set to be made available to "select academics, researchers, and policymakers" by invitation sometime in the year. In August, the company began allowing users in the U.S. to sign up for early access. In November, Google released a "season 2" update to the app, integrating a limited form of Google Brain's Imagen text-to-image model. A third iteration of the AI Test Kitchen was in development by January 2023, expected to launch at I/O later that year. Following the 2023 I/O keynote in May, Google added MusicLM, an AI-powered music generator first previewed in January, to the AI Test Kitchen app. In August, the app was delisted from Google Play and the Apple App Store, instead moving completely online.

{{main|Bard (chatbot)}}

On February 6, 2023, Google announced Bard, a conversational AI chatbot powered by LaMDA, in response to the unexpected popularity of OpenAI's ChatGPT chatbot. Google positions the chatbot as a "collaborative AI service" rather than a search engine. Bard became available for early access on March 21.

In addition to Bard, Pichai also unveiled the company's Generative Language API, an application programming interface also based on LaMDA, which he announced would be opened up to third-party developers in March 2023.

LaMDA is a decoder-only Transformer language model.{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|loc=section 3}} It is pre-trained on a text corpus that includes both documents and dialogs consisting of 1.56 trillion words,{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|loc=section 3 and appendix E}} and is then trained with fine-tuning data generated by manually annotated responses for "sensibleness, interestingness, and safety".{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|loc=section 5 and 6}}

LaMDA was retrieval-augmented to improve the accuracy of facts provided to the user.{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|loc=section 6.2}}

Three different models were tested, with the largest having 137 billion non-embedding parameters:{{sfn|Thoppilan|De Freitas|Hall|Shazeer|2022|loc=section 3 and appendix D}}

• BERT (language model)
• Chinese room
• Ethics of artificial intelligence
• Gemini (language model)
• Natural language processing
• Philosophy of artificial intelligence
• Prompt engineering

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite arXiv |last1=Thoppilan |first1=Romal |last2=De Freitas |first2=Daniel |last3=Hall |first3=Jamie |last4=Shazeer |first4=Noam |last5=Kulshreshtha |first5=Apoorv |last6=Cheng |first6=Heng-Tze |last7=Jin |first7=Alicia |last8=Bos |first8=Taylor |last9=Baker |first9=Leslie |last10=Du |first10=Yu |last11=Li |first11=YaGuang |last12=Lee |first12=Hongrae |last13=Zheng |first13=Huaixiu Steven |last14=Ghafouri |first14=Amin |last15=Menegali |first15=Marcelo |last16=Huang |first16=Yanping |last17=Krikun |first17=Maxim |last18=Lepikhin |first18=Dmitry |last19=Qin |first19=James |last20=Chen |first20=Dehao |last21=Xu |first21=Yuanzhong |last22=Chen |first22=Zhifeng |last23=Roberts |first23=Adam |last24=Bosma |first24=Maarten |last25=Zhao |first25=Vincent |last26=Zhou |first26=Yanqi |last27=Chang |first27=Chung-Ching |last28=Krivokon |first28=Igor |last29=Rusch |first29=Will |last30=Pickett |first30=Marc |last31=Srinivasan |first31=Pranesh |last32=Man |first32=Laichee |last33=Meier-Hellstern |first33=Kathleen |last34=Ringel Morris |first34=Meredith |last35=Doshi |first35=Tulsee |last36=Delos Santos |first36=Renelito |last37=Duke |first37=Toju |last38=Soraker |first38=Johnny |last39=Zevenbergen |first39=Ben |last40=Prabhakaran |first40=Vinodkumar |last41=Diaz |first41=Mark |last42=Hutchinson |first42=Ben |last43=Olson |first43=Kristen |last44=Molina |first44=Alejandra |last45=Hoffman-John |first45=Erin |last46=Lee |first46=Josh |last47=Aroyo |first47=Lora |last48=Rajakumar |first48=Ravi |last49=Butryna |first49=Alena |last50=Lamm |first50=Matthew |last51=Kuzmina |first51=Viktoriya |last52=Fenton |first52=Joe |last53=Cohen |last54=Aaron |last55=Bernstein |first55=Rachel |last56=Kurzweil |first56=Ray |last57=Aguera-Arcas |first57=Blaise |last58=Cui |first58=Claire |last59=Croak |first59=Marian |last60=Chi |first60=Ed |last61=Le |first61=Quoc |date=January 20, 2022 |title=LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications |class=cs.CL |eprint=2201.08239 }}

{{refend}}

{{reflist|refs=

{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Khari |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Meena is Google's attempt at making true conversational AI |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/meena-is-googles-attempt-at-making-true-conversational-ai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001030241/https://venturebeat.com/ai/meena-is-googles-attempt-at-making-true-conversational-ai/ |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Heaven |first=William Douglas |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Google says its new chatbot Meena is the best in the world |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/01/30/275995/google-says-its-new-chatbot-meena-is-the-best-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802054307/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/01/30/275995/google-says-its-new-chatbot-meena-is-the-best-in-the-world/ |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |magazine=MIT Technology Review}}

{{Cite web |last=Popper |first=Ben |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Ray Kurzweil is building a chatbot for Google |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11801108/ray-kurzweil-building-chatbot-for-google |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527214913/https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11801108/ray-kurzweil-building-chatbot-for-google |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite news |last1=Kruppa |first1=Miles |last2=Schechner |first2=Sam |date=March 7, 2023 |title=How Google Became Cautious of AI and Gave Microsoft an Opening |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-ai-chatbot-bard-chatgpt-rival-bing-a4c2d2ad |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230307145421/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/google-ai-chatbot-bard-chatgpt-rival-bing-a4c2d2ad |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}

{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Stephanie |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Google I/O 2021: Google unveils new conversational language model, LaMDA |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-google-unveils-new-conversational-language-model-lamda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518194954/https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-google-unveils-new-conversational-language-model-lamda/ |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=ZDNET}}

{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Meet the companies trying to keep up with ChatGPT |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/5/23599209/companies-keep-up-chatgpt-ai-chatbots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305162345/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/5/23599209/companies-keep-up-chatgpt-ai-chatbots |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Say what, Bard? What Google's new AI gets right, wrong and weird. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/21/google-bard/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321190821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/21/google-bard/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}

{{Cite news |last=Agüera y Arcas |first=Blaise |author-link=Blaise Agüera y Arcas |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Artificial neural networks are making strides towards consciousness, according to Blaise Agüera y Arcas |url=https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/06/09/artificial-neural-networks-are-making-strides-towards-consciousness-according-to-blaise-aguera-y-arcas |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609093229/https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/06/09/artificial-neural-networks-are-making-strides-towards-consciousness-according-to-blaise-aguera-y-arcas |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}

{{Cite web |last1=Cheng |first1=Heng-Tze |last2=Thoppilan |first2=Romal |date=January 21, 2022 |title=LaMDA: Towards Safe, Grounded, and High-Quality Dialog Models for Everything |url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2022/01/lamda-towards-safe-grounded-and-high.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325014118/https://ai.googleblog.com/2022/01/lamda-towards-safe-grounded-and-high.html |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |publisher=Google AI}}

{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Google details its latest language model and AI Test Kitchen, a showcase for AI research |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/11/google-details-its-latest-language-model-and-ai-test-kitchen-a-showcase-for-ai-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511183714/https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/11/google-details-its-latest-language-model-and-ai-test-kitchen-a-showcase-for-ai-research/ |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=TechCrunch}}

{{Cite news |last=Tiku |first=Nitasha |date=June 11, 2022 |title=The Google engineer who thinks the company's AI has come to life |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/11/google-ai-lamda-blake-lemoine/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611124805/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/11/google-ai-lamda-blake-lemoine/ |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}

{{Cite news |last=Luscombe |first=Richard |date=June 12, 2022 |title=Google engineer put on leave after saying AI chatbot has become sentient |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/12/google-engineer-ai-bot-sentient-blake-lemoine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612174014/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/12/google-engineer-ai-bot-sentient-blake-lemoine |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}

{{Cite web |last=Vlamis |first=Kelsey |date=June 12, 2022 |title=Read the conversations that helped convince a Google engineer an artificial intelligence chatbot had become sentient: 'I am often trying to figure out who and what I am' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-engineer-thinks-artificial-intelligence-bot-has-become-sentient-2022-6 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612052413/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-engineer-thinks-artificial-intelligence-bot-has-become-sentient-2022-6 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=Business Insider}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Blake Lemoine Says Google's LaMDA AI Faces 'Bigotry' |url=https://www.wired.com/story/blake-lemoine-google-lamda-ai-bigotry/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618030214/https://www.wired.com/story/blake-lemoine-google-lamda-ai-bigotry/ |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |magazine=Wired}}

{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Britney |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Suspended Google engineer says the AI he believes to be sentient hired a lawyer |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/suspended-google-engineer-says-sentient-ai-hired-lawyer-2022-6 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623161843/https://www.businessinsider.com/suspended-google-engineer-says-sentient-ai-hired-lawyer-2022-6 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=Business Insider}}

{{Cite web |last=Khushi |first=Akanksha |date=July 23, 2022 |title=Google fires software engineer who claimed its AI chatbot is sentient |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-fires-software-engineer-who-claimed-its-ai-chatbot-is-sentient-2022-07-23/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723030358/https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-fires-software-engineer-who-claimed-its-ai-chatbot-is-sentient-2022-07-23/ |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}

{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Mitchell |date=July 22, 2022 |title=The engineer who claimed a Google AI is sentient has been fired |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/22/23274958/google-ai-engineer-blake-lemoine-chatbot-lamda-2-sentience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723005202/https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/22/23274958/google-ai-engineer-blake-lemoine-chatbot-lamda-2-sentience |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite web |last=Metz |first=Rachel |date=June 13, 2022 |title=No, Google's AI is not sentient |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/13/tech/google-ai-not-sentient/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615113732/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/13/tech/google-ai-not-sentient/index.html |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |publisher=CNN Business}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Khan |first=Jeremy |date=June 13, 2022 |title=A.I. experts say the Google researcher's claim that his chatbot became 'sentient' is ridiculous—but also highlights big problems in the field |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/google-ai-researchers-sentient-chatbot-claims-ridiculed-by-experts/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613132958/https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/google-ai-researchers-sentient-chatbot-claims-ridiculed-by-experts/ |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |magazine=Fortune}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Sparkles |first=Matthew |date=June 13, 2022 |title=Has Google's LaMDA artificial intelligence really achieved sentience? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2323905-has-googles-lamda-artificial-intelligence-really-achieved-sentience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613133647/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2323905-has-googles-lamda-artificial-intelligence-really-achieved-sentience/ |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=June 20, 2022 |magazine=New Scientist}}

{{Cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Nicole |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |date=June 12, 2022 |title=Google Sidelines Engineer Who Claims Its A.I. Is Sentient |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/technology/google-chatbot-ai-blake-lemoine.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612202836/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/technology/google-chatbot-ai-blake-lemoine.html |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}

{{Cite web |last=Alba |first=Davey |author-link=Davey Alba |date=June 14, 2022 |title=Google Debate Over 'Sentient' Bots Overshadows Deeper AI Issues |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/google-has-more-pressing-ai-problems-than-sentient-bots |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220614193607/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/google-has-more-pressing-ai-problems-than-sentient-bots |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg News}}

{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Sharon |date=June 16, 2022 |title=AI Weekly: LaMDA's 'sentient' AI debate triggers memories of IBM Watson |url=https://venturebeat.com/2022/06/16/ai-weekly-lamdas-sentient-ai-triggers-memories-of-ibm-watson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619051803/https://venturebeat.com/2022/06/16/ai-weekly-lamdas-sentient-ai-triggers-memories-of-ibm-watson/ |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=VentureBeat}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |date=June 14, 2022 |title=LaMDA and the Sentient AI Trap |url=https://www.wired.com/story/lamda-sentient-ai-bias-google-blake-lemoine/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614233831/https://www.wired.com/story/lamda-sentient-ai-bias-google-blake-lemoine/ |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |magazine=Wired}}

{{Cite news |last=Omerus |first=Will |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Google's AI passed a famous test — and showed how the test is broken |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/17/google-ai-lamda-turing-test/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618165723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/17/google-ai-lamda-turing-test/ |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Christian |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Christian |date=June 21, 2022 |title=How a Google Employee Fell for the Eliza Effect |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/06/google-lamda-chatbot-sentient-ai/661322/ |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101521/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/06/google-lamda-chatbot-sentient-ai/661322/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic}}

{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Cherlynn |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Google's AI Test Kitchen lets you experiment with its natural language model |url=https://www.engadget.com/google-ai-test-kitchen-lamda-2-experiments-180212404.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511181315/https://www.engadget.com/google-ai-test-kitchen-lamda-2-experiments-180212404.html |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=Engadget}}

{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Google is Beta Testing Its AI Future |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/11/23065072/google-ai-app-test-kitchen-future-io-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511175450/https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/11/23065072/google-ai-app-test-kitchen-future-io-2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Google is so nervous about what its newest bot will say, it made the app invitation-only |url=https://qz.com/2164842/googles-ai-test-kitchen-chatbot-will-be-invitation-only/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512071041/https://qz.com/2164842/googles-ai-test-kitchen-chatbot-will-be-invitation-only/ |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=Quartz}}

{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Google has opened up the waitlist to talk to its experimental AI chatbot |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/25/23321718/google-ai-chatbot-lamda-2-test-kitchen-experimental-waitlist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825162008/https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/25/23321718/google-ai-chatbot-lamda-2-test-kitchen-experimental-waitlist |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Google's text-to-image AI model Imagen is getting its first (very limited) public outing |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/2/23434361/google-text-to-image-ai-model-imagen-test-kitchen-app |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110045204/https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/2/23434361/google-text-to-image-ai-model-imagen-test-kitchen-app |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Nico |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Google Calls In Help From Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/20/technology/google-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120081118/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/20/technology/google-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}

{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Hands on with Google's AI-powered music generator |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/11/hands-on-with-googles-ai-powered-music-generator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511192524/https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/11/hands-on-with-googles-ai-powered-music-generator/ |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=TechCrunch}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Millman |first=Ethan |date=May 11, 2023 |title=We've Heard the Future of Music. So Far, It Sounds Terrible |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/google-ai-music-demo-software-1234733540/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511222941/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/google-ai-music-demo-software-1234733540/ |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}

{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Kyle |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Google delists AI Test Kitchen app on Android and iOS [Updated] |url=https://9to5google.com/2023/08/01/google-delists-ai-test-kitchen-app/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141043/https://9to5google.com/2023/08/01/google-delists-ai-test-kitchen-app/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=9to5Google}}

{{Cite news |last1=Alba |first1=Davey |author-link1=Davey Alba |last2=Love |first2=Julia |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206230415/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |issn=0458-3035}}

{{Cite news |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam |last2=Kruppa |first2=Miles |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Google Opens ChatGPT Rival Bard for Testing, as AI War Heats Up |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-opens-testing-of-chatgpt-rival-as-artificial-intelligence-war-heats-up-11675711198 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230206201330/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/google-opens-testing-of-chatgpt-rival-as-artificial-intelligence-war-heats-up-11675711198 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Nieva |first=Richard |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Google Debuts A ChatGPT Rival Called Bard In Limited Release |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/02/06/google-bard/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207195828/https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/02/06/google-bard/ |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |magazine=Forbes}}

{{Cite magazine |last=Mollman |first=Steve |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Google's head of ChatGPT rival Bard reassures employees it's 'a collaborative A.I. service' and 'not search' |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/03/google-chatgpt-rival-bard-sundar-pichai-eassures-employees-tool-not-search-but-ai-companion/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304095438/https://fortune.com/2023/03/03/google-chatgpt-rival-bard-sundar-pichai-eassures-employees-tool-not-search-but-ai-companion/ |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |magazine=Fortune}}

{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Google execs tell employees in testy all-hands meeting that Bard A.I. isn't just about search |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/03/google-execs-say-in-all-hands-meeting-bard-ai-isnt-all-for-search-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304091328/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/03/google-execs-say-in-all-hands-meeting-bard-ai-isnt-all-for-search-.html |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |publisher=CNBC}}

{{Cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Nico |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Google Releases Bard, Its Competitor in the Race to Create A.I. Chatbots |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/21/technology/google-bard-chatbot.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321140334/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/21/technology/google-bard-chatbot.html |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}

{{Cite news |last=Liedtke |first=Michael |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Google's artificially intelligent 'Bard' set for next stage |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/03/21/google-artificial-intelligence-bard-microsoft-chatgpt/f1c60310-c7f0-11ed-9cc5-a58a4f6d84cd_story.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321164250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/03/21/google-artificial-intelligence-bard-microsoft-chatgpt/f1c60310-c7f0-11ed-9cc5-a58a4f6d84cd_story.html |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}

{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Google opens early access to its ChatGPT rival Bard — here are our first impressions |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/21/23649794/google-chatgpt-rival-bard-ai-chatbot-access-hands-on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321142219/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/21/23649794/google-chatgpt-rival-bard-ai-chatbot-access-hands-on |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=The Verge}}

{{Cite web |last=Hager |first=Ryne |date=June 16, 2022 |title=How Google's LaMDA AI works, and why it seems so much smarter than it is |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/what-is-google-lamda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616193805/https://www.androidpolice.com/what-is-google-lamda/ |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=Android Police}}

}}

{{Google AI}}

{{Google LLC}}

{{Artificial intelligence navbox}}

{{Natural language processing}}

Category:2021 software

Category:2022 controversies in the United States

Category:Chatbots

Category:Google software

Category:Large language models

Category:Philosophy of artificial intelligence