La Calisto

The libretto was published in 1651 by Giuliani and Batti.

The story combines two myths: Jupiter's seduction of Calisto, and Diana's adventure with Endymion.

The plot is somewhat formulaic: Jane Glover has commented on how the librettist had to invent complications to meet audience expectations in the context of Venetian opera.Glover, Jane, "The Peak Period of Venetian Public Opera: The 1650s" (1975-1976). Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, 102: pp. 67-82. {{JSTOR|766094}}.

Faustini, who was an impresario as well as a librettist, rented the Sant'Apollinare Theatre in 1650. He and Cavalli put on three operas there before his death in December 1651 during the run of La Calisto.

The theatre was equipped with complex stage machinery intended to impress the opera audiences with spectacle. However, the eleven performances of La Calisto from 28 November to 31 December 1651 attracted only about 1,200 patrons to a theatre that housed 400.Glixon, Beth L. and Glixon, Jonathan E., "Marco Faustini and Venetian Opera Production in the 1650s: Recent Archival Discoveries", The Journal of Musicology,(Winter 1992),10 (1): pp. 48-73.

The original Venetian production suffered from many incidents, including the death of the primo uomo Bonifatio Ceretti shortly after the premiere. This forced major changes in the original cast: the role of Endimione was changed from alto to soprano and probably assigned to one of the Caresana brothers; this forced to find a new singer to perform Linfea, probably assigned to a young woman referred to as "putella" (i.e. young girl).Claire Fontijn suggests that this young girl could have been Antonia Bembo, an 11-year-old girl in 1651, who was a vocal and composition student of Cavalli. Claire Fontijn, " 'Sotto la disciplina del Signor Cavalli': Works by Strozzi and Bembo," in Claire Fontijn ed., Fiori Musicali: Liber amicorum Alexander Silbiger on his 75th Birthday (Sterling Heights: Harmonie Park Press, 2010), 165-83, particularly 171-76. The two soprano Furie were replaced by a single bass Furia, most likely performed by Pallegrino Canner, and a new character was added, a drunken peasant called Bifolco, probably performed by a new singer, Lorenzo Ferri, whose part has not survived in the score. Most likely, the title role Calisto was sung by Catterina Giani, whose boat was paid for by the impresario during rehearsals and the opera run, while the other primma donna, Margarita da Costa, played the role of Diana. It is also quite likely that the roles of both Giove and Giove-in-Diana were performed by the same singer, Giulio Cesare Donati, who was able to perform both bass and soprano with a technique known as basso alla bastarda[https://www.academia.edu/7484685/The_Twenty_Two_Steps_Clef_Anomalies_or_Basso_alla_Bastarda_in_Mid_Seventeenth_Century_Italian_Opera Álvaro Torrente, "The Twenty Two Steps: Clef Anomalies or ‘Basso alla Bastarda’ in Mid Seventeenth-Century Italian Opera", in Beth Glixon, Nathan Link and Rebecca Cypess (eds.), Word, Image, and Song: Essays on Early Modern Italy (Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2013), pp. 101-14.] (see Roles below).

The manuscript score is preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, with other operas by Cavalli. This has allowed La Calisto to be revived in modern times. The first person to publish the score was the British conductor Raymond Leppard in 1975.Cavalli, F., Leppard, R., Faustini, G., Marz, K. R., & Dunn, G. (1975). La Calisto: An Opera in Two Acts With a Prologue. London: Faber Music. Leppard had arranged the opera for performance at Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1970. This production included a number of then-prominent singers including Janet Baker as Diana. It was significant for creating new audiences for baroque opera and the recorded version is still listened to (it has been released on compact disc). However, the way that Leppard had "realised" (as he termed his orchestrations) the opera was removed from the original work.

The United States premiere of the opera was presented in April 1972 for the dedication of the Patricia Corbett Pavilion at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music. The cast included Barbara Daniels as Diana and Tom Fox as Giove.{{cite news|url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/arts/2014/07/13/love-la-calisto/12547207/|title=The love of 'La Calisto'|date=July 13, 2014|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer|author=Janelle Gelfand}} It was performed in London by the Opera Factory at the Royal Court Theatre in June 1984 with the harpsichordist, Paul Daniel, conducting a group of nine players of baroque instruments.Rodney Milnes, [https://reader.exacteditions.com/issues/51595/page/109 "La Calisto. Opera Factory at the Royal Court Theatre, London, June 12"], Opera, August 1984, pp. 931–932.

The opera continues to be performed in new venues. For example, it received its premiere at Madrid's Teatro Real in 2019, while in the season 19-20 it was performed in Aachen{{cite news|url=https://www.die-deutsche-buehne.de/kritiken/barocke-filterblasen|title=Barocke Filterblasen|date=June 21, 2021|work=Die deutsche Bühne|author=Andreas Falentin}} and Nürnberg.{{cite news|url=https://www.die-deutsche-buehne.de/kritiken/im-greta-gedaechtnis-gymnasium|title=Im Greta-Gedächtnis-Gymnasium|date=June 21, 2021|work=Die deutsche Bühne|author=Dieter Stoll}} It was performed with success at La Scala in 2021 in a production by David McVicar. The conductor was Christophe Rousset, who combined the players of his baroque music ensemble Les Talens Lyriques with members of the La Scala orchestra to fill the large hall. The singers included Chen Reiss as Calisto, Luca Tittoto as Jupiter, Véronique Gens as Juno, Olga Bezsmertna as Diana, Christophe Dumaux as Endymion, Chiara Amarù as Linfea and Markus Werba as Mercury.Emanuele Senici, [https://reader.exacteditions.com/issues/99019/page/68 Opera Around the World, Italy, Milan], Opera, February 2022, p. 194.Renato Verga, [https://bachtrack.com/review-calisto-cavalli-mcvicar-rousset-reiss-tittoto-bezsmertna-teatro-scala-milan-october-2021 "Cavalli's La Calisto arrives at La Scala for the first time and triumphs"], bachtrack, 1 November 2021.

Raymond Leppard´s edition of 1975 was the first publication of the score. It includes translations of the libretto.

In 2008, Jennifer Williams Brown's edition of the score (A-R Editions, 2007) won the American Musicological Society's Claude V. Palisca award (recognizing outstanding scholarly editions or translations).American Musicological Society. [http://www.ams-net.org/awards/paliscawinners.php Claude V. Palisca Award Winners].

The German music publisher Bärenreiter Verlag initiated the publication of The Operas of Francesco Cavalli in 2012 with the publication of a new critical edition prepared by Álvaro Torrente and Nicola BadolatoTorrente, Álvaro & Nicola Badolato (eds.), Francesco Cavalli. La Calisto, The operas of Francesco Cavalli, Vol. I, Kassel, Bärenreiter Verlag, 2012. ISMN 979-0-006-55660-1 that was used in the new productions of the opera in the Bayerische Staatsoper (2005), the Royal Opera House (2008), Theater Basel (2010) and Teatro Real (2019).

The story is based on the myth of Callisto from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

• Soloists including Janet Baker, James Bowman and Ileana Cotrubaș, Glyndebourne Festival Chorus, LPO, Raymond Leppard (Decca, 1971)
• Concerto Vocale, René Jacobs, Marcelo Lippi, Maria Bayo, etc. (Harmonia Mundi, 1996)
• Glimmerglass Opera, Jane Glover (BBC Music, 1996) - extracts from a live performance

;Notes

{{reflist}}

;Sources

• Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. {{ISBN|0-14-029312-4}}

• [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/calisto-a-le-stelle-cavalli-and-the-staging-of-venetian-opera Glixon, Beth, Rosand, Ellen, et al, Calisto a le stelle: Cavalli and the Staging of Venetian Opera], Lecture transcripts and video presentation, Gresham College, 22 September 2008.
• {{IMSLP2|work=La_Calisto_(Cavalli,_Francesco)|cname=La Calisto}}
• [https://www.academia.edu/7484693/Francesco_Cavalli._La_Calisto 'Introduction' to the critical edition of La Calisto by Álvaro Torrente, Kassel, Bärenreiter, 2012.]

{{Francesco Cavalli}}

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Category:Italian-language operas

Category:Operas by Francesco Cavalli

Category:1651 operas

Category:Operas

Category:Operas based on Metamorphoses