Lady Godiva#Legend

{{short description|11th-century Anglo-Saxon noblewoman and figure of legend}}

File:John Collier - Lady Godiva - c 1898 - Herbert Art Gallery and Museum.jpg by John Collier, {{circa|1897}}, in the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry.]]

File:Leighton-Lady Godiva.jpg depicts her moment of decision (1892)]]

Lady Godiva ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|aɪ|v|ə}}; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English {{lang|ang|Godgifu}}, was a late Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who is relatively well documented as the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and a patron of various churches and monasteries.

She is mainly remembered for a legend dating back to at least the 13th century, in which she rode naked – covered only by her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband, Leofric, imposed on his tenants. The name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend, in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.

Historical figure

Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. They had nine children; one son was Ælfgar.Montague-Smith Patrick W. Letters: Godiva's family tree. The Times, 25 January 1983 Godiva's name occurs in charters and the Domesday survey, though the spelling varies. The Old English name {{lang|ang|Godgifu}} or {{lang|ang|Godgyfu}} meant "gift of God"; 'Godiva' was the name's Latinised form. Since the name was a popular one, there are contemporaries of the same name.Williams, Ann. '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10873, Godgifu (d. 1067?)]', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, October 2006, accessed 18 April 2008 {{ODNBsub}}

A woman named Godiva was recorded in the 12th century history (called "{{lang|la|Liber Eliensis}}") of Ely Abbey. If that "Godiva" were the same person as [the legendary figure] 'Lady Godiva', then she would have been a widow when Leofric married her. Both Leofric and Godiva were generous benefactors to religious houses. In 1043, Leofric founded and endowed a Benedictine monastery at Coventry{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1226 |title=Anglo-Saxons.net, S 1226 |publisher=Anglo-saxons.net |date=13 April 1981 |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207035101/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1226 |url-status=live }} on the site of a nunnery destroyed by the Danes in 1016. Writing in the 13th century, Roger of Wendover credits Godiva as the persuasive force behind this act of generosity. In the 1050s, her name is coupled with that of her husband on a grant of land to the monastery of St. Mary, Worcester, and the endowment of the minster at Stow St Mary, Lincolnshire.{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1232 |title=Anglo-Saxons.net, S 1232 |publisher=Anglo-saxons.net |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031249/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1232 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1478 |title=Anglo-Saxons.net, S 1478 |publisher=Anglo-saxons.net |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207025334/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1478 |url-status=live }}{{efn|In the Stow charter, Godiva is called "Godgife".{{cite book| last = Thorpe| first = Benjamin| title = Diplomatarium anglicum aevi saxonici: A collection of English charters| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=02dnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA320| volume = 1| year = 1865| publisher = MacMillan| page = 320| author-link = Benjamin Thorpe| place = London| access-date = 16 April 2022| archive-date = 12 May 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194339/https://books.google.com/books?id=02dnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA320| url-status = live}}}} She and her husband are commemorated as benefactors of other monasteries at Leominster, Chester, Much Wenlock, and Evesham.The Chronicle of John of Worcester ed. and trans. R. R. Darlington, P. McGurk and J. Bray (Clarendon Press: Oxford 1995), pp. 582–583 She gave Coventry a number of works in precious metal by the famous goldsmith Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver.Dodwell, C. R. (1982) Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective, Manchester UP, {{ISBN|0-7190-0926-X}} (US edn. Cornell, 1985), pp. 25 & 66 Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin Mary accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband had donated, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble.Dodwell, 180 & 212 Both Godiva and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion.Dodwell, 220, 230 & passim Nevertheless, the memory of Godiva and Leofric survived during the Norman reign and in 1122 their names were commemorated in the mortuary roll of Saint Vitalis of Savigny.{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=C. P. |editor1-last=Insley |editor1-first=Charles |editor2-last=Wilkinson |editor2-first=Louise |editor3-last=Dalton |editor3-first=Paul |title=Cathedrals, Communities and Conflict in the Anglo-Norman World |date=2011 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-620-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFgt22pS8igC |access-date=19 April 2023 |chapter=Communities, Conflicts and Episcopal Policy in the Diocese of Liechfield, 1050–1150}}

File:Godiva statue Broadgate Oct 2011.jpg unveiled in 1949 in Broadgate, Coventry, a £20,000 gift from W. H. Bassett-Green,{{cite book |last=McGrory |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-cgCwAAQBAJ&q=lady+godiva |title=Secret Coventry |date=15 November 2015 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4710-4 }} a Coventrian.{{cite book| last1 = Douglas| first1 = Alton| last2 = Moore| first2 = Dennis| last3 = Douglas| first3 = Jo| title = Coventry: A Century of News|date=February 1991| publisher = Coventry Evening Telegraph| isbn = 0-902464-36-1| page = 62 }} (pictured in 2011)]]

The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire, along with four others, was given to the cathedral at Hereford before the Norman Conquest by the benefactresses Wulviva and Godiva—usually held to be the Godiva of legend and her sister. The church there has a 20th-century stained glass window representing them.{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/mymuk/1097578497 |title=flickr.com |publisher=flickr.com |date=11 August 2007 |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061158/http://www.flickr.com/photos/mymuk/1097578497 |url-status=live }}

Her signature, {{lang|la|Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi}} ("I, The Countess Godiva, have desired this for a long time"), appears on a charter purportedly given by Thorold of Bucknall to the Benedictine monastery of Spalding. However, this charter is considered spurious by many historians.{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1230 |title=Anglo-Saxons.net, S 1230 |publisher=Anglo-saxons.net |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207040605/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1230 |url-status=live }} Even so, it is possible that Thorold, who appears in the Domesday Book as sheriff of Lincolnshire, was her brother.{{efn|See Lucy of Bolingbroke.}}

After Leofric's death in 1057, his widow lived on until her mid-fifties and died sometime between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and 1086.{{cite book |last=Donoghue |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XVmBUVDXGwC |title=Lady Godiva: A Literary History of the Legend |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-77701-5 }} She is mentioned in the Domesday Book as one of the few Anglo-Saxons and the only woman to remain a major landholder shortly after the conquest.{{cite web |title=Countess Godiva {{!}} Domesday Book |url=https://opendomesday.org/name/countess-godiva/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=opendomesday.org}} By the time of this great survey in 1086, Godiva had died and her former lands are listed as held by others.Keats-Rohan, Katherine Stephanie Benedicta, (1999) Domesday People: A prosopography of persons occurring in English documents 1066–1166, vol. 1: Domesday. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, p. 218.

The place where Godiva was buried has been a matter of debate. According to the {{lang|la|Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham}}, or Evesham Chronicle, she was buried at the Church of the Blessed Trinity at Evesham, which is no longer standing. According to the account in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "There is no reason to doubt that she was buried with her husband at Coventry, despite the assertion of the Evesham chronicle that she lay in Holy Trinity, Evesham." Her husband was buried in St Mary's Priory and Cathedral in 1057.

According to William of Malmesbury's {{lang|la|Gesta pontificum anglorum}}, Godiva directed in her will that a "circlet of precious stones which she had threaded on a cord in order that by fingering them one after another she might count her prayers exactly were to be placed on a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary,""{{langx|la|...circulum gemmarum, quem filo insuerat, ut singularum contactu singulas orationes incipiens numerum non praetermitteret, hunc ergo gemmarum circulum collo imaginis sanctae Mariae appendi jussit."|italic=no}} – William of Malmesbury: {{lang|la|Gesta Pontificum Anglorum|italic=yes}}, 1125, Rolls Series 311. the oldest known textual reference to the use of a Rosary-like string of prayer-beads.

William Dugdale (1656) stated that a window with representations of Leofric and Godiva was placed in Trinity Church, Coventry, about the time of Richard II.{{cite book|last=Dugdale|first=William|author-link=William Dugdale|title=Antiquities of Warwickshire|url=https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofwar00dugd|year=1656|location=London}}

Legend

The legend of the nude ride is first recorded in the 13th century, in the {{lang|la|Flores Historiarum}} and the adaptation of it by Roger of Wendover.{{cite web |title=The City of Coventry: The legend of Lady Godiva {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol8/pp242-247 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=British History Online}} Despite its considerable age, it is not regarded as plausible by modern historians,{{cite web|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/lady-godiva-the-naked-tr.html|title=Lady Godiva: The Naked Truth|last=Coe|first=Charles|date=1 July 2003|website=Harvard Magazine|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043237/https://harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/lady-godiva-the-naked-tr.html|url-status=live}} nor is it mentioned in the two centuries after Godiva's death, whereas her generous donations to the church receive various mentions.

File:Maidstone 018.jpg of the legendary ride, by John Thomas, Maidstone Museum, Kent]]

According to the typical version of the story,Joan Cadogan Lancaster. Godiva of Coventry. With a chapter on the folk tradition of the story by H. R. Ellis Davidson. Coventry [Eng.] Coventry Corp., 1967. {{OCLC|1664951}}{{cite journal |last=French |first=K. L. |title=The legend of Lady Godiva |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=18 |year=1992 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(92)90015-q}} Lady Godiva took pity on the people of Coventry, who were suffering grievously under her husband's oppressive taxation. Lady Godiva appealed again and again to her husband, who obstinately refused to lower the taxes. At last, weary of her repeated requests, he said he would grant her request if she would strip naked and ride on a horse through the streets of the town. Lady Godiva took him at his word, and after issuing a proclamation that all persons should stay indoors and shut their windows, she rode through the town, clothed only in her long hair. Just one person in the town, a tailor ever afterwards known as 'Peeping Tom', disobeyed her proclamation in what is the most famous instance of voyeurism.[http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/LadyGodiva.htm Lady Godiva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501063326/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/LadyGodiva.htm |date=1 May 2006 }}, Historic-UK.com In most versions of the story, Tom is struck blind or dead for his transgression."[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peeping-Tom-English-legendary-figure Peeping Tom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724171358/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peeping-Tom-English-legendary-figure |date=24 July 2023 }}", Encyclopedia Britannica; accessed 24 July 2023.

Some historians have discerned elements of pagan fertility rituals in the Godiva story, whereby a young "May Queen" was led to the sacred Cofa's tree, perhaps to celebrate the renewal of spring.Marina Warner. When Godiva streaked and Tom peeped The Times, 10 July 1982 The oldest form of the legend has Godiva passing through Coventry market from one end to the other while the people were assembled, attended only by two knights.[http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~snlrc/britannia/flowers/godgifu.html "Lady Godiva (Godgifu)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622104755/http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~snlrc/britannia/flowers/godgifu.html |date=22 June 2006 }}, Flowers of History, University of California San Francisco This version is given in {{lang|la|Flores Historiarum}} by Roger of Wendover (died 1236), a somewhat gullible collector of anecdotes. In a chronicle written in the 1560s, Richard Grafton claimed the version given in {{lang|la|Flores Historiarum}} originated from a "lost chronicle" written between 1216 and 1235 by the Prior of the monastery of Coventry.{{cite web|url=http://www.historyanswers.co.uk/medieval-renaissance/lady-godiva-anglo-saxon-noblewoman-or-medieval-legend/|title=Lady Godiva: Anglo-Saxon noblewoman or Medieval legend?|last=White|first=Frances|date=14 July 2015|website=www.historyanswers.co.uk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190316180709/https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/medieval-renaissance/lady-godiva-anglo-saxon-noblewoman-or-medieval-legend/|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019}}

A modified version of the story was given by printer Richard Grafton, later elected MP for Coventry. According to his Chronicle of England (1569), "Leofricus" had already exempted the people of Coventry from "any maner of Tolle, Except onely of Horses", so that Godiva ("Godina" in text) had agreed to the naked ride just to win relief for this horse tax. And as a condition, she required the officials of Coventry to forbid the populace "upon a great pain" from watching her, and to shut themselves in and shutter all windows on the day of her ride.{{cite book |last=Grafton |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Grafton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr4_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Grafton's chronicle, or history of England: to which is added his table of the bailiffs, sheriffs and mayors of the city of London from the year 1189, to 1558, inclusive: in two volumes |publisher=P. Johnson |origyear=1569|year=1809 |oclc= 1455223 |volume=1 |place=London |page=148 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425021551/https://books.google.com/books?id=wr4_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}} Grafton was an ardent Protestant and sanitized the earlier story.

The ballad "Leoffricus" in the Percy Folio ({{circa|1650}}){{cite book |title=Bishop Percy's folio manuscript: Ballads and romances |publisher=Trübner |year=1868 |editor-last=Hales |editor-first=John W. |volume=3 |place=London |pages=477– |chapter=Leoffricus |editor2-last=Furnivall |editor2-first=Frederick J. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gc0jAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA477}}, pp. 473-.{{efn|A variant of this ballad can be found in the Collection of Old Ballads (1723–25).}} conforms to Grafton's version, saying that Lady Godiva performed her ride to remove the customs paid on horses, and that the town's officers ordered the townsfolk to "shutt their dore, & clap their windowes downe," and remain indoors on the day of her ride.{{Harvnb|Hales|Furnivall|1868}}, 3:473-, vv. 53–60{{efn|{{Harvnb|DNB|1890}} thus was inaccurate in stating that "This ballad first mention the order..", since Grafton had printed it earlier.}}

=Peeping Tom=

File:Peeping Tom effigy Coventry-Gentlemans Magazine-vol96(1826)-p20.png

The story of Peeping Tom, who alone among the townsfolk spied on the Lady Godiva's naked ride, probably did not originate in literature, but came about through popular lore in the locality of Coventry. Reference by 17th century chroniclers has been claimed, but all the published accounts are 18th century or later.{{cite book |last=Hickling |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfkVAAAAYAAJ&q=lady+godiva |title=History and Antiquities of the City of Coventry: Being a Descriptive Guide to Its Public Buildings, Institutions, Antiquities, &c. Also the Ancient Legend of Lady Godiva. The Whole Compiled from the Earliest Authentic Records, and Continued to the Present Time |date=1846 |publisher=W. Hickling of Coventry }}

According to an 1826 article submitted by someone well versed in local history identifying himself as 'W. Reader',{{cite journal |last=Reader |first=W. |year=1826 |title=Peeping Tom of Coventry and Lady Godiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20 |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |volume=96 |page=20}}, ib., "Show Fair at Coventry described". pp. 22– (with a sketch of Peeping Tom wooden statue) there was already a well-established tradition that there was a certain tailor who had spied on Lady Godiva, and that at the annual Trinity Great Fair (now called the Godiva Festival) featuring the Godiva processions "a grotesque figure called Peeping Tom" would be set on display, and it was a wooden statue carved from oak. The author has dated this effigy, based on the style of armour he is shown wearing, from the reign of Charles II (d. 1685). The same writer felt the legend had to be subsequent to William Dugdale (d. 1686) since he made no mention of it in his works that discussed Coventry at full length.{{efn|{{Harvnb|Reader|1826|p=22}} "yet no one, including the late Sir W. Dugdale, even hints at the circumstance in question. We may safely, therefore, appropriate it to the reign of Charles II".}} (The story of the tailor and the use of a wooden effigy may be as old as the 17th century, but the effigy may not have always been called "Tom".){{efn|See 1773 date below, and the alternate suggested name "Action".}}

W. Reader dates the first Godiva procession to 1677,{{efn|{{Harvnb|Reader|1826|p=22}} "In 1677{{nbsp}}... the Procession at the great Fair was first instituted."}} but other sources date the first parade to 1678, and on that year a lad from the household of James Swinnerton enacted the role of Lady Godiva.Hartland, E. Sydney, (1890), Science of Fairy Tales, p. 75, taken down from the Annals of Coventry, ms. D:"31 May 1678, being the great Fair at Coventry.. and Ja. Swinnertons Son represented Lady Godiva"

The English Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) gives a meticulous account of the literary sources.{{Harvnb|DNB|1890}}, "That one person disobeyed the order{{nbsp}}... first stated by Rapin (1732){{nbsp}}... Pennant (Journey from Chester to London)(1782) calls him 'a certain taylor.' The name 'peeping Tom' occurs in the city accounts on 11 June 1773 when a new wig and fresh paint were supplied for his effigy." The historian Paul de Rapin (1732) reported the Coventry lore that Lady Godiva performed her ride while "commanding all Persons to keep within Doors and from their Windows, on pain of Death", but that one man could not refrain from looking and it "cost him his life"; Rapin further reported that the town commemorates this with a "Statue of a Man looking out of a Window."{{cite book| author1 = Paul M. Rapin de Thoyras| author2 = N. Tindal Thomas (tr.)| title = The History of England| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pHJZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135| edition = 2nd| volume = 1| year = 1732| publisher = J., J. and P. Knapton| page = 135| access-date = 16 April 2022| archive-date = 25 April 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230425020145/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHJZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135| url-status = live}}

File:Lady-Godinas-Route-Gillray.jpeg appealed to the Godiva legend in caricaturing the fashions of the time.]]

Next, Thomas Pennant in Journey from Chester to London (1782) recounted: "[T]he curiosity of a certain taylor overcoming his fear, he took a single peep". Pennant noted that the person enacting Godiva in the procession was not fully naked of course, but wore "silk, closely fitted to her limbs", which had a colour resembling the skin's complexion.Pennant, Thomas, (1811) The Journey from Chester to London. p. 190. (In Pennant's time, around 1782, silk was worn, but the annotator of the 1811 edition noted that a cotton garment had since replaced the silk fabric.) According to the DNB, the oldest document that mentions "Peeping Tom" by name is a record in Coventry's official annals, dating to 11 June 1773, documenting that the city issued a new wig and paint for the wooden effigy.

There is also said to be a letter from pre-1700, stating that the peeper was actually Action, Lady Godiva's groom.{{efn|{{Harvnb|DNB|1890}}, "Poole quotes from the 'Gentleman's Magazine' a letter from Canon Seward (ca. before 1700) which makes the peeper 'a groom of the countess,' named Action (?Actæon – same name as the figure in Greek mythology who was put to death by being hunted with hounds after seeing the goddess Artemis in her bath)".}}

Additional legend proclaims that Peeping Tom was later struck blind as heavenly punishment, or that the townspeople took the matter in their own hands and blinded him.Leman Rede, (1838), "Peeping Tom", The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist, Part the First, p. 115: "Tradition adds, that the people resolved to close up their houses{{nbsp}}... but{{nbsp}}... that one, whose name has not survived, looked forth upon her, and was stricken blind, as some affirm, by the vengeance of Heaven; or, according to others, was deprived of sight by the inhabitants." (A quote from a source merely identified as "a modern writer".)

Degree of nudity

While most iterations of the legend describe Godiva riding completely nude, there is much dispute as to the historical authenticity of this notion.{{cite web|last=Simcox|first=Georgia|title=The Truth Behind The Legend of Lady Godiva|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/articles/the-truth-behind-the-legend-of-lady-godiva/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Culture Trip|date=21 March 2018|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020112400/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/articles/the-truth-behind-the-legend-of-lady-godiva/|url-status=live}}

A more plausible rationale for the legend includes one based on the custom at the time for penitents to make a public procession in their shift, a sleeveless white garment similar to a modern slip and one which was certainly considered "underwear" in Godiva's time. If this were the case, Godiva might have actually travelled through town as a penitent in her shift, likely unshod and stripped of her jewellery which was the hallmark of her upper class rank. It would have been highly unusual to see a noblewoman present herself publicly in such an unadorned state, possibly bringing about the legend which would later be romanticised in folk history.{{cite news|date=24 August 2001|title=Lady Godiva: The naked truth|website=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1507606.stm|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=30 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130055209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1507606.stm|url-status=live}} Her 'naked' ride has also been considered to provide an insight into how women used their sensuality and bodies to wield power in twelfth century England,Archer, Allison. (2015) "[https://saberandscroll.scholasticahq.com/article/28449.pdf Finding Truth in the Myth of Lady Godiva: Femininity, Sex, and Power in Twelfth Century England]." In The Saber and Scroll Journal 1(2). as well as how her protest formed Coventry's civic identity.{{cite journal |last=French |first=Katherine L |date=January 1992 |title=The legend of Lady Godiva and the image of the female body |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/0304-4181%2892%2990015-Q |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(92)90015-Q |issn=0304-4181|url-access=subscription }}

Some suggest that the nudity myth originated in Puritan propaganda, designed to blacken the reputation of the notably pious Lady Godiva. Chroniclers of the 11th and 12th centuries mention Godiva as a respectable religious woman of some beauty and do not allude to nude excursions in public. It has also been argued that the story was made up about the pious Lady Godiva in order to attract pilgrims, and therefore, revenue, to Coventry.

Images in art and society

File:England, Conder Token, Coventry Halfpenny 1792 (Lady Godiva).jpg 1792 with Lady Godiva (right) depicted on the reverse]]

File:Godiva statue at St Mary's Guildhall - geograph.org.uk - 3576590.jpg in Coventry by William Calder Marshall]]

File:'The Lady Godiva Procession' by Thomas Stevens, Honolulu Museum of Art 2015-13-01.JPG woven silk picture The Lady Godiva Procession (1887), produced by Coventry weaver and inventor Thomas Stevens and held at the Honolulu Museum of Art]]

The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum in Coventry maintains a permanent exhibition on the subject.{{cite web |title=Godiva – The Herbert Art Gallery & Museum |url=https://www.theherbert.org/collections/visual_arts/23/godiva |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=www.theherbert.org}} The oldest painting was commissioned by the County of the City of Coventry in 1586 and produced by Adam van Noort, a refugee Flemish artist. His painting depicts a "voluptuously displayed" Lady Godiva against the background of a "fantastical Italianate Coventry". In addition the Gallery has collected many Victorian interpretations of the subject described by Marina Warner as "an oddly composed Landseer, a swooning Watts and a sumptuous Alfred Woolmer". The collection also includes paintings by the Coventry artist David Gee, such as The Godiva Procession Leaving St Mary's Hall.

A 14th century window depicting Lady Godiva and her husband once existed in Holy Trinity Church, but was removed in 1775. It bore the inscription 'I Luriche for the love of thee Doe make Coventre tol-free.'

In 1792, Lady Godiva was depicted on the reverse of a Coventry halfpenny Conder token—a privately minted token coinage struck and used in Britain during the late 18th century and the early part of the 19th century (a period of the Industrial Revolution).{{cite book |title=The Ultimate Guide to Conder Tokens: The Provincial Token-Coinage of the 18th Century Digital Quick Reference. |date=2010 |publisher=NumisSource, LLC; Digital Numismatic Publishing |edition=First}}

Thomas Stevens, the 19th-century Coventry born weaver, famous for his innovation of the woven silk pictures known as stevengraphs,{{Cite web |last=Krupnick |first=Max |date=2024-10-08 |title=Stevengraphs: Woven Silk Portraits from Coventry to Harvard {{!}} Harvard Magazine |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2024/11/stevengraphs-silk-portraits |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.harvardmagazine.com |language=en}} sold an image of the Lady Godiva Procession amongst his designs.{{Cite web |last=Oakley |first=Howard |date=2023-05-28 |title=Folk Tales in Paintings: Lady Godiva and Wanda |url=https://eclecticlight.co/2023/05/28/folk-tales-in-paintings-lady-godiva-and-wanda/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Eclectic Light Company |language=en}} Another medium used to depict Godiva was linocut printing, with Haydn Reynolds Mackey's early 20th century work held in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts in London.{{Cite web |title=Lady Godiva {{!}} Works of Art {{!}} RA Collection {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/lady-godiva |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.royalacademy.org.uk}}

John Collier's painting Lady Godiva (1897) was bequeathed by social reformer Thomas Hancock Nunn. When he died in 1937, the Pre-Raphaelite-style painting was offered to the Corporation of Hampstead. He specified in his will that should his bequest be refused by Hampstead (presumably on grounds of propriety) the painting was then to be offered to Coventry. The painting hangs in the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum.

St Mary's Guildhall in Coventry houses a marble statue by William Calder Marshall of Lady Godiva, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1854.{{cite web |title=Godiva {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/godiva-273167/search/venue:st-marys-guildhall-coventry-3464/page/1/view_as/grid |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=artuk.org }} American sculptor Anne Whitney also created a marble sculpture of Lady Godiva, in the collection of the Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas,{{cite web|title = SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|url = http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=X43788H3E8402.263269&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&source=~!siartinventories&term=godiva&index=.GW&x=14&y=10&aspect=Keyword&term=Anne+Whitney&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW|website = siris-artinventories.si.edu|access-date = 26 July 2015|archive-date = 1 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001014453/http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=X43788H3E8402.263269&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&source=~!siartinventories&term=godiva&index=.GW&x=14&y=10&aspect=Keyword&term=Anne+Whitney&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW|url-status = live}} and another sculpture of Lady Godiva by stonemason John Thomas is held at the Maidstone Museum, Kent.{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Beth |date=2017-02-17 |title=Nudity and Protest: From Lady Godiva to the Present Day |url=https://museum.maidstone.gov.uk/nudity-protest-lady-godiva-present-day/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Maidstone Museum |language=en-US}}

= Coventry =

File:Lady Godiva clock -Broadgate -Coventry-21July2008.jpg displays her naked ride through the city and Peeping Tom's voyeurism]]

The Godiva Procession, a commemoration of the legendary ride, was instituted on 31 May 1678 as part of Coventry fair and was celebrated up to the 1960s. The part of Lady Godiva was usually played by a scantily clad actress or dancer, and the occasion often attracted controversy. For instance, in 1854, the Bishop of Worcester protested against "a Birmingham whore being paraded through the streets as Lady Godiva." These annual processions were enlivened by constant rumours, beforehand, that the girl playing the part of Lady Godiva would actually appear nude, like the original. These hopes were eventually realised in a play staged in 1974, at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, entitled The Only True Story of Lady Godiva, in which Lady Godiva appeared naked, riding a motor bike.Palmer, Roy (1976) [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Folklore_of_Warwickshire.html?id=Mv3ZAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y The Folklore of Warwickshire], Batsford, pp. 138–139. {{ISBN|9780713431643}}

The wooden effigy of Peeping Tom which, from 1812 until World War II looked out on the world from a hotel at the northwest corner of Hertford Street, Coventry, can be found in Cathedral Lanes Shopping Centre. It represents a man in armour and was probably an image of Saint George. Nearby, in the 1950s rebuilt Broadgate, an animated Peeping Tom watches over Lady Godiva as she makes her hourly ride around the Godiva Clock.{{cite web |url=http://www.historiccoventry.co.uk/nowandthen/hertfd-from-bgate.php |title=Coventry Now & Then: Hertford Street from Broadgate |access-date=28 August 2007 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061327/http://www.historiccoventry.co.uk/nowandthen/hertfd-from-bgate.php |url-status=live }}

File:Godiva giant puppet 2 (21735603976).jpg

From the mid-1980s a Coventry resident, Pru Porretta, has adopted a Lady Godiva role to promote community events and good works in the city. Porretta retains the status of Coventry's unofficial ambassador. Each September Poretta marks the occasion of Lady Godiva's birthday by leading a local pageant focusing on world peace and unity known as The Godiva Sisters. In August 2007, the Godiva Sisters was performed in front of 900 delegates from 69 countries attending the World Council for Gifted and Talented Children Biennial Conference held at the University of Warwick. In the 2010 New Year Honours Porretta was appointed a Member of the Order of The British Empire for services to the city of Coventry community and tourism services.{{cite news|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8435052.stm|title=Ringmaster and rockers honoured by Queen|date=31 December 2009|website=BBC News|quote=Pru Poretta, who has been Coventry's official Lady Godiva since 1982, has also been appointed MBE. ... She said she was "shocked and humbled" to receive the honour, for services to the city's community and tourism services.|access-date=31 December 2009|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027043141/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8435052.stm|url-status=live}}

In 1999, Coventry councillors considered eliminating Godiva from the city's public identity,[http://www.cwn.org.uk/godiva/1999/11/991115-drop-godiva.htm "Don't Drop Lady Godiva"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621071408/http://www.cwn.org.uk/godiva/1999/11/991115-drop-godiva.htm |date=21 June 2006 }}, Coventry & Warwickshire News, 15 November 1999 however, the Coventry City Council logo unveiled in 2000 features Lady Godiva and her horse.{{cite web |title=Coventry City Council news – Does The New Look Godiva Inspire You? – 23 August 2000 |url=https://www.cwn.org.uk/politics/coventry-city-council/2000/08/000823-new-logo.htm |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=www.cwn.org.uk}} The previous logo also featured Godiva.

In 2010 an arts project, "Godiva Awakes", involving a 32 foot (10-metres) tall puppet version of Lady Godiva, powered by 50 bicycles, leading a procession from Coventry to London, was proposed by the independent company Imagineer productions (best known locally for reviving the Coventry Mystery Plays and reimagining the Coventry Carnival as the Godiva Festival).{{cite web |url=http://www.artiststakingthelead.org.uk/west-midlands/jane-hytch-godiva-awakes |title=Artists Taking the Lead |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304004044/http://www.artiststakingthelead.org.uk/west-midlands/jane-hytch-godiva-awakes |url-status=live }}

= Literature =

"Godiva" (1842), a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.{{Cite web |title=Godiva by Lord Alfred Tennyson |url=https://www.online-literature.com/tennyson/4076/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.online-literature.com}}
"Guli" ("The Heart"), a poem by Galaktion Tabidze, includes a mention of Lady Godiva.http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/galaktion_tabidze/guli.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615173651/http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/galaktion_tabidze/guli.pdf |date=15 June 2011 }} Guli ("The Heart") by Galaktion Tabidze (in Georgian) on the official website of the National Parliamentary Library of Georgia
The Seven Lady Godivas: The True Facts Concerning History's Barest Family (1939), a short illustrated novel by Dr. Seuss.
Lady Godiva and Master Tom, a 1948 novel by Raoul Cohen Faure.{{cite book |last=Faure |first=Raoul Cohen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPkSAAAAMAAJ&q=lady+godiva |title=Lady Godiva and Master Tom |date=1948 |publisher=Harper }}
Godiva: A Novel, by Nicole Galland, a 2013 historic novel.{{cite book |last=Galland |first=Nicole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3lZd9P5bloC&q=lady+godiva |title=Godiva |date=2 July 2013 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-225025-4 }}
Naked: A Novel of Lady Godiva, by Eliza Redgold, a 2015 romantic novel based on Godiva's life.{{cite book |last=Redgold |first=Eliza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlrMCQAAQBAJ |title=Naked: A Novel of Lady Godiva |date=14 July 2015 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-06615-2 }}
Lady Godiva’s Birthday Suit by Aaron Ashmore, a 2021 children's book.{{Cite web |title=Lady Godiva's Birthday Suit children's book |url=https://etchandpin.co.uk/products/lady-godiva-s-birthday-suit-book |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Etch & Pin |language=en}}

= Classical music and opera =

Vítězslav Novák composed a concert overture called Lady Godiva based on the story (Prague, 1907; Op. 41).{{cite web |url=http://www.universaledition.com/composers-and-works/Vitezslav-Novak/Lady-Godiva/composer/519/work/3296 |title=Vítezslav Novák: Lady Godiva |website=Universal Edition |access-date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003122/http://www.universaledition.com/composers-and-works/Vitezslav-Novak/Lady-Godiva/composer/519/work/3296 |url-status=live }}

=Modern music=

The 1966 Peter and Gordon song "Lady Godiva" reimagines the Lady Godiva legend in the modern day.{{cite book |title= Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955–2012 |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2013 |publisher=Record Research |page=654}}
The 1968 Velvet Underground song "Lady Godiva's Operation" tells the story of a transitional operation turned into a botched lobotomy.{{cite news |last=Bloom |first=Howard |date=April 1973 |title=The Eerie Roots of Lou Reed's New Transformer |pages=48 |work=Circus Magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circus_1973-04_7_7/page/n48/mode/1up?q=lady&view=theater |author-link=Howard Bloom}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Wawzenek |first=Bryan |date=2018-03-30 |title=Doctor, Doctor, Give Me the News: 40 Songs About Doctors |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/doctor-songs/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |language=en}}
The 1978 Queen song "Don't Stop Me Now" mentions Lady Godiva with the line "I'm a racing car, passing by like Lady Godiva".{{cite book |last1=Clerc |first1=Benoît |title=Queen All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track |date=20 October 2020 |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7624-7123-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lrODwAAQBAJ |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/2151087 |title=Queen – Don't Stop Me Now Lyrics – Genius |website="Genius" |access-date=23 April 2023}}

= Film =

File:LadyGodivafilmposter.jpg film poster.]]

Lady Godiva (1911), silent short film by Vitagraph Studios with Julia Swayne Gordon as Lady Godiva.{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsgULex0l0s |title=Lady Godiva −1911– J. Stuart Blackton – A legend of the 13th century-Classic silent film |date= |last= |access-date=15 September 2024 |via=YouTube}}
Lady Godiva (1921), a German silent drama film{{cite web |last=Moest |first=Hubert |title=Lady Godiva |date=7 May 1922 |type=Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0136360/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |others=Ernst Deutsch, Wilhelm Diegelmann, Hedwig Pauly-Winterstein |publisher=Aß-Film}} starring Hedda Vernon as Lady Godiva.Gorgievski, Sandra (2020), "[https://www.academia.edu/44321060/_Lady_Godiva_on_Film_in_Kevin_J_Harty_ed_Medieval_Women_on_Film_Jefferson_McFarland_2020_p_132_146 Lady Godiva on Film: Icon of Faith, Icon of Feminism or Erotic Simulacrum]" In Harty, Kevin J. (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HOvaDwAAQBAJ Medieval Women on Film: Essays on Gender, Cinema and History], Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, pp. 132, 136, {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6844-4}}.
The Lady Godiva (1928), silent short film based on Tennyson's poem and with Gladys Jennings as Lady Godiva.{{cite web |last1=Banfield |first1=George J. |title=Lady Godiva |date=18 April 1928 |type=Short, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0820912/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |others=Gladys Jennings, Roy Travers, Syd Ellery |publisher=British Filmcraft Productions |last2=Eveleigh |first2=Leslie}} Also known as Ghosts of Yesterday #1: Lady Godiva.{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |last2=Rodger |first2=James |date=23 July 2015 |title=Nostalgia video: The Lady Godiva (1928) |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/watch-bfi-unseen-video-lady-9709784 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Coventry Live }}
Lady Godiva Rides Again (1950), British comedy film with Diana Dors and Pauline Stroud. Titled Bikini Baby in the United States.
Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955), starring Irish actress Maureen O'Hara in the title role.{{cite news| url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98486/Lady-Godiva/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126190213/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98486/Lady-Godiva/overview | archive-date=26 January 2009 | first=Bosley | last=Crowther | access-date=7 May 2010 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=The New York Times | author-link=Bosley Crowther | year=2009 | title=Movies: About Lady Godiva}}
Lady Godiva: Back in the Saddle (2007), comedy film.{{cite web |last=BBFC |title=Lady Godiva – Back In The Saddle |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lady-godiva-back-in-the-saddle-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntq5nja |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk }}{{cite web |last=Live |first=Coventry |date=16 March 2006 |title=Lady Godiva riding again |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/lady-godiva-riding-again-3127893 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=Coventry Live }}{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Baz |title=Lady Godiva: Back in the Saddle |date=13 November 2007 |type=Comedy |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780552/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |others=Phil Cornwell, James Fleet, Caroline Harker |publisher=Quantum Films Ltd., Koralis Pictures, Lady Godiva Productions}}

Gallery

File:Lady godiva full.jpg|Jules Joseph Lefebvre, Lady Godiva, 1890

File:Jones – Godiva Preparing to Ride through Coventry.jpg|George Jones, Godiva Preparing to Ride through Coventry (1833), at Tate Britain

File:Claxton - Lady Godiva 1850.jpg|Marshall Claxton, Lady Godiva (1850), at the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry

File:Maidstone 019.jpg|John Thomas, Lady Godiva at Maidstone Museum

File:Herbert Backstage Pass cmglee 46.jpg|Lady Godiva at the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry

File:The semi-naked Lady Godiva sitting on a horse having slipper Wellcome V0040010.jpg|Lady Godiva depicted in her shift. Engraving by J.B. Allen after G. Jones

File:The Lady Godiva Clock in Coventry, England.jpg|Broadgate Clock, Coventry

File:Lady Godiva Statue In Coventry.jpg|Lady Godiva Statue in Coventry

File:Lady Godiva Statue, Broadgate Square, Coventry.jpg|William Reid Dick, Lady Godiva Statue

Notes

References

=Historic texts=

Roger of Wendover, Flores Historiarum
{{cite book|last=Giles|first=J. A.|author-link=John Allen Giles|author2=Roger of Wendover|title=Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History|volume=1|place=London|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|year=1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiYRa8nIJYwC&pg=PA314|page=314|author2-link=Roger of Wendover}} (Eng. tr.)
Matthew Paris
{{cite book|last=Yonge|first=C. D.|title=The Flowers of History, … collected by Matthew of Westminster|volume=1|place=London|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|year=1853|pages=544–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kykJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA544}} (Eng. tr.)

=Secondary sources=

(anonymous), The history of lady Godiva and Peeping Tom of Coventry, with a description, Coventry, J. W. Mills, sixth ed., sans date. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tMoHAAAAQAAJ books.google] (Shows Tom effigy with a bowtie)
Dugdale, William, Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656), p. 66 [https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofwar00dugd Internet Archive]
{{cite journal |last=Hartland |first=E. Sydney |title=Peeping Tom and Lady Godiva |journal=Folk-Lore |volume=I |number=II |date=June 1890 |pages=217–226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4QZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 |via=Google Books }}
Poole, Benjamin, The History of Coventry (Woodcut of Tom effigy)
{{cite DNB|wstitle=Godiva|volume=22|page=36 |no-icon=1 |ref={{harvid|DNB1890}}}}

External links

{{PASE|175228|Godgifu 2}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522061144/http://www.parsons55.net/godiva/ Cecilia Parsons, "Countess Godiva"], 1999, revised 2004: biography and developing legend
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1507606.stm BBC News]{{spaced ndash}}the unearthing of a stained glass window identified with Lady Godiva
[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/anglo-saxon/flowers/godiva.html James Grout: Lady Godiva, part of the Encyclopædia Romana]