Lagar Velho 1

{{Short description|Complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal}}

Lagar Velho 1, also known as the Lagar Velho boy or Lapedo child, is a complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal, believed to be from a hybrid population of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. The academic literature does not suggest that it is a first generation hybrid.

In 1998, this discovery of an early Upper Paleolithic human burial at Abrigo do Lagar Velho by the team led by prehistoric archeologist João Zilhão provided evidence of early modern humans from the west of the Iberian Peninsula. The remains, the largely complete skeleton of an approximately 4-year-old child, buried with pierced shell and red ochre, is dated to ca. 24,500 years BP. The cranium, mandible, dentition, and rest of the skeleton present a mosaic of European early modern human and Neanderthal features.{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604 |author=Duarte |year=1999 |title=The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in the Iberian Peninsula |publisher=PNAS |volume=96 |issue=13 |pages=7604–7609 |pmid=10377462 |last2=Maurício |first2=J |last3=Pettitt |first3=PB |last4=Souto |first4=P |last5=Trinkaus |first5=E |last6=Van Der Plicht |first6=H |last7=Zilhão |first7=J |pmc=22133 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Dan |title=The Neanderthal Within |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60550-8 |newspaper=New Scientist |pages=28–32 |date=3 March 2007 |volume=193 |issue=2593 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325931-300-the-neanderthal-within/ |access-date=2023-03-22}}

This (morphological) mosaic indicates admixture between late archaic and early modern humans in Iberia, refuting hypotheses of complete replacement of the Neanderthals by early modern humans, and underlining the complexities of the cultural and biological processes and events that were involved in the emergence of modern humans.

This was contested by several scientists, including Prof. Dr. C. P. E. Zollikofer of the University of Zurich, who concluded the skeleton does not reveal Neanderthal affinities.{{cite web |last1=Zollikofer |first1=C. P. E. |title=Computerized reconstruction and geometric-morphometric analysis of the Lagar Velho child skeleton |url=http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/~zolli/res_db/lv.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054609/http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/~zolli/res_db/lv.htm |archive-date=2011-08-11 |url-status=dead}} However, genetic work from a decade later has shown that there has indeed been instances of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans, bringing the hybrid hypothesis back within the realm of possibility.{{cite web |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Neanderthal genome reveals interbreeding with humans |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18869-neanderthal-genome-reveals-interbreeding-with-humans/ |website=NewScientist |date=2010-05-06 |access-date=2023-03-22}}

A replica of the skeleton and a reconstruction of the boy's face, made by American anthropologist Brian Pierson, can be seen in the Interpretation Centre of the Lagar Velho. There are plans to build a museum of archeology at the Convent of St. Augustine, in the city of Leiria, which houses the original skeleton.{{cn|date=September 2021}}