Lake Baringo
{{Short description|Freshwater lake in Kenya}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Lake Baringo
| image = LakeBaringo.jpg
| caption =
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| coords = {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type =
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| basin_countries = Kenya
| length =
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| area = {{convert|130|km2|abbr=on}}
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| elevation = {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Baringo in Kenya.
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| extra = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 10 January 2002
| designation1_number = 1159{{Cite web|title=Lake Baringo|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1159|access-date=25 April 2018}}}}
}}
Lake Baringo is, after Lake Turkana, the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley lakes, with a surface area of {{convert|130|km2}} and an elevation of {{convert|970|m}}. The lake is fed by several rivers: the Molo, Perkerra and Ol Arabel. It has no obvious outlet; the waters are assumed to seep through lake sediments into the faulted volcanic bedrock. It is one of the two freshwater lakes in the Rift Valley in Kenya, the other being Lake Naivasha.
See "Kenya designates freshwater lake in Great Rift Valley," at [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-87^22874_4000_0__ Ramsar 2009 - 2002].
The lake is in a remote hot and dusty area with over 470 species of birds, occasionally including migrating flamingos. A Goliath heronry is located on a rocky islet in the lake known as Gibraltar.
The existence of Lake Baringo was first reported in Europe by Ludwig Krapf and J. Rebmann, German missionaries stationed at Mombasa, about 1850; in J. H. Speke’s map of the Nile sources (1863) Baringo is confused with Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza; it figures in Sir H. M. Stanley’s map (1877) as a large sheet of water N.E. of Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, in his journey through the Masai country in 1883, was the European to see the lake and to correct the exaggerated notions as to its size. Native tradition, however, asserts that the lake formerly covered a much larger area.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}}
Description
The lake is part of the East African Rift system. The Tugen Hills, an uplifted fault block of volcanic and metamorphic rocks, lies west of the lake. The Laikipia Escarpment lies to the east.
Water flows into the lake from the Mau Hills and Tugen Hills. It is a critical habitat and refuge for more than 500 species of birds and fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and globally. The lake also provides a habitat for seven fresh water fish species. One, Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (a Nile tilapia subspecies), is endemic to the lake. Lake fishing is important to local social and economic development. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the invertebrate communities.{{cite web
| url = http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm
| title = Kenya Birds - baringo
| publisher = www.kenyabirds.org.uk
| access-date = 2008-03-17
| archive-date = 2008-03-02
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021900/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm
| url-status = dead
}}
While stocks of Nile tilapia in the lake are now low, the decline of this species has been mirrored by the success of another, the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) which was introduced to the lake in 1974 and which now provides the majority of fish from the lake. Water levels have been reduced by droughts and over-irrigation. The lake is commonly turbid with sediment, partly due to intense soil erosion in the catchment area, especially on the Loboi Plain south of the lake.
A characteristic of the country in the neighbourhood of the lake are the "hills" of the termites (white ants). They are hollow columns 10 to 12 ft. high and from 1 ft. to 18 in. broad. The greater kudu, almost unknown elsewhere in East Africa, inhabits the flanks of the Laikipia escarpment to the east of the lake and comes to the foot-hills around Baringo to feed.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}}
A recent study showed that there were both positive and negative relationships between some water quality parameters and the prevalence of recovered parasites. O. niloticus baringoensis from Lake Baringo also recorded high parasite prevalence and this calls for sensitization of the public on the risks that may arise from the consumption of undercooked infected fish.{{Cite journal|last1=Adamba|first1=Stephanie Wangare Kamau|last2=Otachi|first2=Elick Onyango|last3=Ong’ondo|first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo|date=2020-02-19|title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya|journal=Acta Parasitologica|volume=65|issue=2|pages=441–451|doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2|pmid=32077035|s2cid=211171158|issn=1230-2821}}
The lake has several small islands, the largest being Ol Kokwe Island. Ol Kokwe, an extinct volcanic centre related to Korosi volcano north of the lake, has several hot springs and fumaroles, some of which have precipitated sulfur deposits. A group of hot springs discharge along the shoreline at Soro near the northeastern corner of the island.
Several important archaeological and palaeontological sites, some of which have yielded fossil hominoids and hominins, are present in the Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences of the Tugen Hills.{{citation |author=Ward, Steven |author2=Hill, Andrew|year=1987 |title=Pliocene Hominid Partial Mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720104 |pmid=3103460}} [http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 Abstract from web search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180350/http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 |date=2014-04-16 }}{{citation|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/search/google-appliance/Tugen%20Hills|title=Tugen Hills examples from Smithsonian website|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|access-date=1 May 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{citation|year=1999|chapter=Plio-Pleistocene hominins from the Baringo Region, Kenya|author=Wood, Bernard |editor=Andrews, P.|editor2=Banham, P. |title=Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: a Tribute to Bill Bishop|pages=113–122|location=London|publisher=Geological Society|isbn=9781862390362|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVF8EzWfX2EC&q=%22Baringo+Region%22&pg=PA113|access-date=1 May 2010}}
The main town near the lake is Marigat, while smaller settlements include Kampi ya Samaki and Loruk. The area is increasingly visited by tourists and is situated at the southern end of a region of Kenya inhabited largely by pastoralist ethnic groups including Il Chamus, Rendille, Turkana and Kalenjin. Accommodation, (hotels, self-catering cottages and camping sites) as well as boating services are available at and near Kampi-Ya-Samaki on the western shore, as well as on several of the islands in the lake.
{{cite web
|url = http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10
|title = Lake Baringo
|publisher = www.lake-baringo.com
|access-date = 2012-02-16
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120115084108/http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10
|archive-date = 2012-01-15
}}
A Kenyan Government report in 2021 estimated that the surface area of Lake Baringo had increased by over 100% to 268 square kilometres over the period 2010–2020.{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }} Lakeside villages were flooded and people displaced.{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}} There have also been increases in animal populations such as crocodiles, along with interactions between these animals and people.{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=Kenya's Lake Baringo: Surviving hippo and crocodile attacks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66707507 |access-date=2023-10-08}}
See also
- Rift Valley lakes
- Korosi, a volcano at the northern end of Lake Nakuru
References
{{Reflist}}
Attribution
- {{EB1911|wstitle=Baringo|volume=3|page=418}}
{{Commons category-inline|Lake Baringo}}
{{Lakes of Kenya}}
{{Great Rift Valley, Kenya}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baringo}}
Category:Lakes of the Great Rift Valley