Lake Copais

File:Britannica Dredge and Dredging 5.jpg at work]]

When the lake existed, the towns of Haliartus, Orchomenus, and Chaeronea were on its shores. Rivers feeding the lake included the Cephissus, Termessus and Triton. The lake was (and is) surrounded by fertile land, but the lake increasingly encroached on the surrounding land because of inadequate drainage.{{citation needed|reason=Sounds reasonable, but a source should be referenced to back up the claim -- perhaps the lake was drained to use the lake bed for farming, and there was no encroachment whatsoever?|date=November 2024}}

First, though abortive, plans to drain the lake were made in 1834-1838. In 1865 a French company, Montferrier and Bonnair, signed a contract with the Greek government to drain the lake. But in 1873 after having drained the lake partially, the company went bankrupt and drainage of the lake was halted until 1880, when a new contract was signed with another French company. Though massive drainage works took place between 1882 and 1886, the attempt was unsuccessful: The organic material accumulated on the lake bottom was set ablaze, which caused the lake bed recede by ca. {{cvt|4|m|ft}} lower than the drainage canal and by 1887 the lake was filled again. This time a British company, Lake Copais Co Ltd., was contracted to continue the project, and the company successfully finished draining the lake by 1931 and recovering {{cvt|241|km2|sqmi}} of land. The Greek government expropriated the recovered area in 1953, and redistributed it to landless farmers.

The Kopais Lake Agency was created in 1957 to supervise the draining of the lake and building of a new road. The task was completed that same year, but the agency with full-time staff of 30 (including a driver for the president of the agency) still existed until 2010.{{cite news |url= http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,729492,00.html |title=The 'Atimorisia' Illness: Greece's Toothless Battle against Corruption |newspaper=Spiegel Online |access-date=11 April 2012}}{{cite book |last=Manolopoulos |first=Jason |title=Greece's 'Odious' Debt: The Looting of the Hellenic Republic by the Euro, the Political Elite and the Investment Community |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2011 |page=288 |isbn=978-0-85728-771-7}}

Before this the lake drained into the sea by numerous subterranean channels. Some of these channels were artificial, as the 1st century geographer Strabo recorded.Strabo 9.2.18. Modern excavation has found enormous channels dug in the 14th century BC which drained water into the sea to the northeast;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406143220/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/213/21301n/e213an0m.html "Buildings of the Installations of Copais Company"], Hellenic Ministry of Culture, accessed 12/2011; [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212115802/http://www.cs.uoi.gr/~baga/ancTechn.html "Technology in Ancient Greece"], accessed 12/2011. Strabo mentions work being done on these channels by an engineer named Crates of Chalcis in the time of Alexander the Great.

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Several attempts at partial or complete drainage of lake Copais were made in antiquity.

First during the Bronze Age, and later during the Roman Times.

During the Bronze Age, the Mycenaeans drained the late partially by diverting a portion of water volume feeding the late towards natural sinkholes situated near the eastern end of the lake and through them eventually to the sea. The Bronze Age draining attempts happened at least in two phases. First attempt was made by building low earth dams totalling in length to ca. {{cvt|22|km|mi}} to gain land from the lake. Excavated remains indicate that up to 400,000,000 m³ of stone and roughly 200,000,000 m³ of earth were moved to build the dams.{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=R. Hope |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70207931 |title=Mycenaean fortifications, highways, dams and canals |date=2006 |publisher=Paul Åströms Förlag |others=D. K. Hagel |isbn=91-7081-212-8 |location=Sävedalen |oclc=70207931}} However, after the dams failed another, apparently more successful, attempt was made by constructing a ca. {{cvt|25|km|mi}} long canal conveying water from the lake basin towards natural sinkholes northeast of the lake. At this point the lake basin was divided into two, one north and another south of the levee, leading to partial reclamation of the southern part of the basin. An incomplete tunnel with planned length of {{cvt|2.2|km|mi}} at Kephalari, close to the sinkholes, leading water rivers Cephissus and Melas to a small torrent leading eventually to the Euboean Gulf may also be a Bronze Age work; however, currently there is no consensus about the matter and some researchers date the tunnel much later, perhaps during the Hellenistic period. The drainage system collapsed during the Late Helladic IIIB or Late Helladic IIIC at the latest.

In the Roman Times, two drainage attempts are documented. The first attempt is attributed to a local Epameinondas Epameinondou, and the second to the Emperor Hadrian.

File:Boeotia ancient-en.svg

There was a legend that the lake came into being when the hero Heracles flooded the area by digging out a river, the Cephissus, which poured into the basin.Diodorus Siculus 4.18.7; Pausanias 9.38.7. Polyaenus explains that he did this because he was fighting the Minyans of Orchomenus: they were dangerous horseback fighters, and Heracles dug the lake in order to unhorse them.Polyaenus Strategemata 1.3.5. Another story has the lake overflow in the mythical time of Ogyges, resulting in the Ogygian deluge.Entry "Ogyges" in Oskar Seyffert, A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Revised and edited by Henry Nettleship and J.E. Sandys, New York: Meridian Books, 1956.

The travel writer Pausanias and the 5th century BC comic playwright Aristophanes record that in antiquity Lake Copais was known for its fish, especially the eels.Pausanias 9.24.2; Aristophanes Acharnians 880

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{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite encyclopedia

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{{cite encyclopedia

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{{cite journal

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| title = Mysteries of Lake Copais: The Drainage – Massive Bronze Age and Hellenistic Hydraulic Engineering Work

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}}

}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{cite web |last=Ghembaza |first=Therese |year=2012 |title=The Mysteries of Lake Copias and the Island of Gla |publisher=Therese Ghembaza |url= http://antiqua91.fr/wa_files/COPAIS_20I_20remani_C3_A9ANGLAIS.doc}}
• {{cite web |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+9.2.1 |author=Strabo |author-link=Strabo |title=Geography |publisher=Perseus website}} see especially 9.2.16-27 (translated by H.L. Jones, 1924)
• {{cite web |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+9.24.1 |author=Pausanias |author-link=Pausanias (geographer) |title=Description of Greece |publisher=Perseus website}} (translated W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod, 1918)
• [https://www.google.co.uk/maps?q=Boeotia,+Greece&hl=en&ll=38.445254,23.075066&spn=0.249531,0.528374&sll=51.476769,-0.45218&sspn=0.001544,0.004128&oq=boeotia&t=h&hnear=Boeotia,+Greece&z=12 Google Earth air view of the Lake Copais plain]
• [https://www.google.co.uk/maps?ll=38.389841,23.008804&spn=0.001943,0.004128&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=38.389841,23.008804&panoid=uC2lqv_sgIL-25UpNee7IQ&cbp=12,359.41,,0,8.03 Google Earth ground view across the Lake Copais plain from the south]
• [https://www.google.co.uk/maps?ll=38.4516,23.186682&spn=0.001949,0.004128&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=38.4516,23.186682&panoid=cXagB6PLdO3L7SalAczs6Q&cbp=12,210.92,,0,3.86 Google Earth ground view across the Lake Copais plain from the east]
• [https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@38.456643,23.0040733,3a,60y,311.49h,83.62t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s9uIftX9dalZ7xXLms1jY1Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en Google Earth ground view in the middle of the Lake Copais plain]
• [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Copais Wikimedia Commons]

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{{Coord|38.45|23.05|type:waterbody_region:GR|display=title}}

Category:Landforms of Boeotia

Category:Ancient Greek geography

Copais

Category:Plains of Greece