Lake Towada

Lake Towada is located approximately {{convert|540|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of Tokyo, divided between the municipalities of Towada, Aomori and Kosaka, Akita. It forms part of the northern section of Towada-Hachimantai National Park{{cite web |last1=National Parks Foundation |title=Towada-Hachimantai National Park |url=https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/towada/ |access-date=November 22, 2019}}

Lake Towada occupies the caldera of a stratovolcano still regarded as active. This volcano became active around 200,000 years ago, and through repeated eruptions and pyroclastic flows, especially 55,000 and 36,000 and 15,000 years ago, created an {{Convert|11|km|4=-diameter|sp=us|adj=mid}} caldera with the proto-Lake-Towada. From approximately 15,000 to 12,000 years ago, intermittent eruptions formed a small stratovolcano within this caldera (Mount Goshikiiwa). Intermediate eruptive activity continued, and at least eight eruptions of magma occurred from 11,000 years ago to the present. The Ogurayama Lava Dome was formed approximately 7,600 years ago on the northeastern slope of the Goshikiiwa volcano. The Mikadoishi Lava Dome is estimated to have emerged between 12,000 and 2,800 years ago.{{cite web |last1=Japan Meteorological Agency |title=24. Towada |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran_eng/volcanoes/024_towada.pdf |access-date=May 20, 2020}} The collapse of these secondary lava domes approximately 5400 years ago give the lake its distinct shape, and the inlet between its two peninsulas (called the "Nakaumi") is the remnant of a secondary caldera which erupted and collapsed.

According to the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan, the water renewal cycle of Lake Towada is approximately 8.5 years.{{cite web |ref={{harvid|NIES|2001}} |last1=Takamura |first1=Noriko |title=十和田湖の生態系管理に向けて |url=http://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kenkyu/setsumei/r-167-2001.htm |website= NIES2001 |publisher=National Institute for Environmental Studies }} The catchment area of the lake covers an area of {{convert|129|km2|mi2|sp=us}}. The lake area is fed by around seventy rivers, half of which are intermittent. The Oirase River, which drains towards the Pacific Ocean, is the only outlet.

The name of the lake is believed to derive from the Ainu word {{nihongo|to watara|ト ワタラ}} , literally meaning "rocky lake".{{cite web |author1=((Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)) |url=http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp/aomori/road/topic/its_aomori_hp/shichinohe/kanko/kanko_pref_01.html|title=青森・十和田}}{{cite book |last1=Umehara |first1=Takeshi |title=日本人の「あの世」観 |date=1989 |publisher=Chūōkōron Shinsha |isbn= 9784120017667 |page=154}}

According to a legendary account, the Yamata general Sakanoue Tamuramaro visited Lake Towada during one of his expeditions north to conquer the Emishi tribes and built a small Shinto shrine on the eastern shore of the Nakayama peninsula in 807 AD dedicated to Yamato Takeru.{{cite book |language=fr |first=Louis |last=Frédéric |title=Le Japon: dictionnaire et civilisation |page=1215 |publisher=Éditions Robert Laffont |location=Paris |series=Bouquins |date=October 1996 |isbn=9782221067642 |oclc=36327575}}{{cite web |last1=Towada National Park Association |title=Towada Jinja |url=http://towadako.or.jp/rekishi-densetsu/towada-jinja/}} The mountain continued to erupt well into the historical period, with the last recorded eruption occurring in 915 AD in the Nakaumi caldera, devastating the surrounding area with pyroclastic flows and lahars and covering most of the Tōhoku region of Japan with volcanic ash, leading to crop failures, climate change, and famines.

During the Heian and Kamakura Period, the area was a wilderness and a place of prayer and training for Yamabushi,{{Harvsp|NIES|2001|p=1}} including worship of Suijin, the kami of water, as being associated with the azure dragon, legendary guardian of the lake, hence the other name of the sanctuary: Towadasan Seiryū daigongen.

The area around Lake Towada remained largely wilderness until towards the end of the Edo period, when the Nambu clan of Morioka Domain attempted large-scale land reclamation projects at Sanbongihara (modern Towada) using the Oirase River for irrigation. In 1903, largely through the efforts of Wainai Sadayuki, princess trout were introduced into Lake Towada. The lake now also has rainbow trout, cherry salmon, carp, Carassius, and Japanese eel. The surrounding forests are temperate-deciduous and are primarily Erman’s birch and Siebold’s beech.

The lake was selected by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun{{cite web |url=http://www.env.go.jp/nature/ari_kata/shiryou/031208-4-3.pdf |title=日本八景(昭和2年)の選定内容 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |access-date=17 March 2011}} as one of the Eight Scenic Views of Japan in 1927. In 1936, the lake and surrounding areas became part of Towada-Hachimantai National Park.

In 1953, in order to popularize the lake and the park, a sculpture of two women titled "The Maiden Statue" by Kōtarō Takamura was dedicated at the lakeshore as part of the park's 15th anniversary celebration. It was the last work by that sculptor.

A wartime Tachikawa Ki-54 aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force which crashed in 1943 was found at the bottom of Lake Towada on 13 August 2010. It was recovered on 5 September 2012[http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/onikosato/34388065.html旧陸軍の練習機69年ぶり地上に、青森・十和田湖で引き揚げ September 5, 2012] Retrieved April 2, 2016 and was placed on display at the Misawa Aviation & Science Museum before being transferred in 2020 for a proposed restoration to {{ill|Tachichi Holdings|ja|立飛ホールディングス}}, the successor to the aircraft's manufacturer, the Tachikawa Aircraft Company.[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20100813-OYT1T00773.htm 旧陸軍練習機、十和田湖で発見…戦時中に墜落：社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）](Japanese) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816175650/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20100813-OYT1T00773.htm |date=2010-08-16 }}{{cite news|last=Kusumoto|first=Hana|title=See rare example of a WWII Japanese trainer aircraft this month in western Tokyo|url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2022-10-21/imperial-japanese-army-tachikawa-ki-54-7760605.html|newspaper=Stars and Stripes|date=21 October 2022|accessdate=15 January 2025}}

The lake's symbol, the Otome-no-Zo statue, is located in the central area of Yasumiya. From there excursion boats arrive and depart. In Utarube, visitors can canoe or camp.{{Cite web|url=https://planetyze.com/en/japan/aomori/lake-towada/information|title=About Lake Towada - Aomori Travel Guide {{!}} Planetyze|website=Planetyze|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}

• List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
• Tourism in Japan

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• Southerland, Mary and Britton, Dorothy. The National Parks of Japan. Kodansha International (1995). {{ISBN|4-7700-1971-8}}

{{Commons category|Lake Towada}}

• [http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/sendai/204_Towada/204_index.html Towada] - Japan Meteorological Agency {{in lang|ja}}
• {{cite web|url= http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran/main/24_Towada.pdf |title=Towada: National catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan }} - Japan Meteorological Agency
• [https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/volcano_data/D14.html Towada] - Geological Survey of Japan
• {{cite gvp|name=Towada|vn=283271|access-date=2021-06-24}}

{{Lakes of Japan}}

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Towada

Towada

Category:Calderas of Honshū

Category:Volcanic crater lakes

Category:Volcanoes of Aomori Prefecture

Category:Special Places of Scenic Beauty

Category:Pleistocene calderas

Category:Holocene calderas