Lalbagh Fort

Image:Zoffany-Lalbagh Fort.jpg in 1787]]

The Mughal prince Muhammad Azam Shah, third son of Aurangzeb started the work of the fort in 1678 during his vice-royalty in Bengal. He stayed in Bengal for 15 months. The fort remained incomplete when he was called away by his father Aurangzeb.

Shaista Khan was the new subahdar of Dhaka in that time, and he did not complete the fort. In 1684, the daughter of Shaista Khan named Iran Dukht Pari Bibi died there. After her death, he started to think the fort as unlucky and left the structure incomplete.{{cite book |title=Extracts from the Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C4wNQEACAAJ |year=1903 |author=Sayid Aulad Hasan |publisher=Published by the author |page=5}} Among the three major parts of Lalbagh Fort, one is the tomb of Bibi Pari.

After Shaista Khan left Dhaka, it lost its popularity. The main cause was that the capital was moved from Dhaka to Murshidabad. After the end of the royal Mughal period, the fort became abandoned. In 1844, the area acquired its name as Lalbagh, replacing Aurangabad, and the fort became Lalbagh Fort.{{cite book |title=The Archaeological Heritage of Bangladesh |year=2011 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |pages=586}}

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For long the fort was considered to be a combination of three buildings (the mosque, the tomb of Bibi Pari and the Diwan-i-Aam), with two gateways and a portion of the partly damaged fortification wall. Recent excavations carried out by the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh have revealed the existence of other structures.

The southern fortification wall has a huge bastion in the southwestern corner. On the north of the south fortification wall were the utility buildings, stable, administration block, and its western part accommodated a beautiful roof-garden with arrangements for fountains and a water reservoir. The residential part was located on the east of the west fortification wall, mainly to the southwest of the mosque.{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Waqar A. |title=The Bastion of the Lalbagh Fort |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-bastion-the-lalbagh-fort-1736110 |work=The Daily Star |date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910123031/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-bastion-the-lalbagh-fort-1736110 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}

The fortification wall on the south had five bastions at regular intervals two stories in height, and the western wall had two bastions; the biggest one is near the main southern gate. The bastions had a tunnel.

The central area of the fort is occupied by three buildings—the Diwan-i-Aam and the hammam on its east, the mosque on the west and the Tomb of Pari Bibi in between the two—in one line, but not at an equal distance. A water channel with fountains at regular intervals connects the three buildings from east to west and north to south.

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Diwan-i-Aam is a two-story residence of the Mughal governor of Bengal located on the east side of the complex. A single-story hammam is attached on its west. The hammam portion has an underground room for boiling water. A long partition wall runs along the western facade of the hammam.

The building is situated about {{convert|39|m}} to the west of the tank, running from north to south. The external measurements of the building are {{convert|32.47|x|8.18|m|0|abbr=on}}.The Archaeological Heritage of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2011. p. 589

There are living quarters on each level of two stories and a main central hallway connecting them. There is a Hammamkhana (bathhouse) in the southern part of the building, which is one of the seventh Hammamkhana still existing in ruins in the heritage of Bangladesh.

Recent excavations (1994–2009) show that there was a special room below the room of Hammamkhana, where archaeologists found the arrangements for heating water, supplying the hot water as well as cool water to the Hammamkhana through the terracotta pipes which were specially manufactured for such purpose.{{cite news |title=Restoring the Lalbagh Hammam: Seeing it as it was |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/habitat/restoring-lalbagh-hammam-seeing-it-it-was-610670 |work=The Business Standard |date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604081934/https://www.tbsnews.net/features/habitat/restoring-lalbagh-hammam-seeing-it-it-was-610670 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |language=en}} The discovery of black spots in the underground room proved that fire had been used for the purpose of heating the water for the Hammamkhana. There was also a toilet room by the side of Hammamkhana.

All the buildings along with the arrangements of Hammamkhana clearly show that it was very much in use by the Subadar of Bengal and that Subadar was Shaista Khan. From the report of the Governor of English Factory, it was learned that Shaista Khan used to live in this room and some Europeans were kept in custody here.The Archaeological Heritage of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2011. p. 597

A square-shaped water tank ({{cvt|71.63|m|ft|0}} on each side) is placed to the east of the Diwan-i-Aam. There are four corner stairs to descend into the tank.

File:Hammamkhana of Lalbagh Fort, Dhaka, Bangladesh 17.jpg

The tomb of Bibi Pari, the daughter of Shaista Khan, is in the middle of the complex. There is a central square room. It contains the remains of Pori Bibi, covered by a false octagonal dome and wrapped by a brass plate. The entire inner wall is covered with white marble. Eight rooms surround the central one. There is another small grave in the southeastern corner room.

The mosque has three domes and is relatively small for a large site, with a water tank for ablutions in front. The mosque has an oblong plan of {{cvt|20.34|x|10.21|m|ftin}} externally and {{cvt|16.36|x|6.15|m|ftin}} internally.{{cite book |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Hossain |first2=Md Shajjad |date=2017 |title=Documentation of Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317304484 |language=English |location=Dhaka |publisher=Brac University}}

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From the time of construction till date, various myths have revolved around the fort. Among all the historical stories and debates, it is widely believed that Lalbagh Fort stands as a monument of the unfulfilled dreams of Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, beloved son of Emperor Aurangzeb. In the mid-17th century, he was serving as the Viceroy of Bengal and began the construction of the impressive Lalbagh Fort complex.

Therefore, the popular stories about the fort begin. Before the construction was finished, Prince Azam was called back to his father to assist in the war against the Marathas. Legend says after the Mughal prince departed, Shaista Khan continued with building the project, but upon the untimely death of his much-loved daughter Iran-Dukht, warmly known as Pari Bibi, the construction was stopped. Bibi was engaged to Prince Azam at the time of her death.

There are also legends and debates about the identity of Pari Bibi. Few researchers claim she was a nine-year-old Ahom princess. Mir Jumals Ahom's expedition brought a war adjoining the Garo hills. He took the daughter of Ahom Raja to compel him to execute the previous peace treaty. Later, the emperor made her convert to Islam and married her off to Prince Azam. However, overshadowing all the debates, people now believe that she was the loving daughter of Nawab Shaista Khan.{{cite book|title=The Archeological heritage of Bangladesh|year=2011|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|pages=592}}

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Archeologists discovered the continuity of the main fort walls eastward below Shaishta Khan Road. They opined that the present area of Qilla represents half the portion as planned by Prince Azam Khan. The gate at the southeast of the fort (adjacent to Lalbagh Shahi Masjid) as per requirement fits properly as the Central Gate in the middle of Fort. The other half to the east—likely planned for administrative purposes (Girde Qilla area)—were incomplete or extinct long ago.{{cite book|title=The Archeological Heritage of Bangladesh|year=2011|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|pages=593}}

There are some tunnels in the fort which are now sealed. It is said that two of the tunnels lead to now ruined Zinzira Fort which was on the other side of the Buriganga River. Another passage was made as a maze. It is claimed that many defeated sepoys (soldiers) of the Sepoy Revolution of 1857 tried to run away through the passage and lost their lives. The British soldiers who chased them to arrest also did not return. To investigate the claim, British researchers sent an elephant and dogs to the tunnel but they did not return either. After that, the tunnels were sealed.{{cite news |date=22 July 2016 |title=The Secret Passages of Lalbagh Fort |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/the-secret-passages-lalbagh-fort-1257220 |work=Star Weekend Magazine |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420034835/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/the-secret-passages-lalbagh-fort-1257220 |url-status=live }}

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{{reflist}}

• {{commons category-inline|Lalbagh Qila}}
• [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lalbagh-fort Lalbagh Fort of Dhaka, Bangladesh] at Atlas Obscura

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Category:Old Dhaka

Category:Military history of Dhaka

Category:Mughal fortifications

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