Land reclamation in Metro Manila#History

File:Manila_1851.jpg

The early reclamation within the City of Manila began in the late 19th century during the Spanish colonial period when the construction of the Manila South Port subsequently moved the coastline westward and obscured Intramuros from the bay. The moat surrounding the fortifications was drained and turned into a recreational golf course by the American colonial government in the early 1900s. Post-war period saw the reclamation for the construction of the Manila North Port as additional facilities were built.

In 1977, First Lady Imelda Marcos commenced the construction of Bay City in line with her City of Man project. The Public Estates Authority (now [https://www.pea.gov.ph/ Philippine Reclamation Authority]) was created to manage the project. The plan was to reclaim {{convert|3000|ha|sqkm}} of land in Manila Bay. However, only {{convert|660|ha|sqkm}} were built encompassing the cities of Pasay, Parañaque and a small portion that lies within Manila. Among the major developments in Bay City are the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, SM Mall of Asia, Aseana City, and Entertainment City.

In 2017, the Manila city government announced that it had approved four reclamation projects: the New Manila Bay International Community (407.43 hectares), Solar City (148 hectares), the Manila Harbour Centre expansion (50 hectares), Horizon Manila (419 hectares) and the 318 hectares Manila Waterfront City.{{Cite web |title=PDS Manila Waterfront City Reclamation Project |url=http://eia.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PDS-Manila-Waterfront-City-Reclamation-Project.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2020 |publisher=Environmental Management Bureau}} In 2019, the Pasay city government approved two reclamation projects: the 265 hectare Pasay Harbor Reclamation Project and another 360 hectare reclamation project connected to the SM Mall of Asia Complex. Out of the 25 proposed reclamation projects, the Philippine Reclamation Authority only approved six: Horizon Manila (Manila), Manila Waterfront City (Manila), the Navotas City Coastal Bay Reclamation Project (Navotas), Pasay Harbor Reclamation Project, SM Smart City (Pasay), and the Solar City (Manila). Horizon Manila is slated for construction in the first half of 2025.

{{main|Bay City, Metro Manila}}

File:2012-06-23-Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines-Evening.jpg in Bay City, Metro Manila.]]

Bay City or the Manila Bay Freeport Zone is the {{convert|660|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} reclamation area that is split between the cities of Manila and Pasay on the north side and Parañaque on the south.{{Cite book |last=Nas |first=P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Taojza23JUYC |title=Directors of urban change in Asia |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-35089-1 |pages=159}} The original plan was to reclaim {{convert|3000|ha|sqkm}} of land in Manila Bay. It is known for the {{convert|77|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, the SM Mall of Asia Complex, the Aseana City business park, integrated resorts and casino complex such as the City of Dreams Manila, Okada Manila and Solaire Resort & Casino, and the Asiaworld compound where the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange is situated.

The {{convert|79|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} Manila Harbour Centre is a mixed-use industrial estate and shipping facility located north of the Port of Manila (Manila North Harbor). It contains several industrial and commercial developments, as well as port and port-related facilities. A 50-hectare land reclamation expansion was approved{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} by the Manila City Government in 2017.

{{main|Port of Manila}}

The {{convert|137.5|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} Port of Manila is entirely built up of reclaimed land. The port includes the Manila North Harbor, Manila South Harbor and the Manila International Container Terminal. It is located in the districts of Tondo and Port Area. It also includes the community Baseco, which is largely located on Engineer's Island.

{{main|Navotas Boulevard Business Park}}

The {{convert|650|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} reclamation project in Navotas was approved in by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in 2018. It is envisioned to create a mixed-use community with residential, institutional, commercial and industrial areas suitable for port facilities, marine and tourism.{{Cite web |title=Major Projects, Programs and Activities, Beneficiaries, and Status |url=https://pea.gov.ph/images/pra_images/pdf/PRA-TS/ts2012/2018progsprojsbeneficiariesstatus4thq.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2020 |publisher=Philippine Reclamation Authority}} It is the only reclamation project that is currently being implemented.{{Cite web |title=News Monitoring 04_22_2019 |url=https://www.denr.gov.ph/images/news_clippings/News_Clippings_04_22_2019.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2020 |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources}}

{{main|Horizon Manila}}

Horizon Manila is an upcoming mixed-use planned community to be built on a {{convert|419|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} reclaimed land in Manila. It was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in 2019 and construction will commence on the second half of 2023.{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=4 Manila Bay reclamation projects get greenlight as gov't dispels flooding fears |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/12/19/4-manila-bay-reclamation-projects-get-greenlight-as-govt-dispel-flooding-fears |access-date=September 24, 2020 |publisher=ABS-CBN News}}{{Cite web |last=Abanes |first=Mariel |date=October 23, 2020 |title=A Sneak Peek at Manileño: The City Of Tomorrow |url=https://metro.style/living/tips/a-sneak-peek-at-manileno-the-city-of-tomorrow/27798 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Metro.Style}}{{cite news |last1=Cabayan |first1=Itchie G. |title=First Reclamation Project in Manila Signed by Mayor Honey |url=https://journal.com.ph/first-reclamation-project-in-manila-signed-by-mayor-honey/ |access-date=November 18, 2022 |publisher=Journal |date=November 9, 2022}}

{{main|Manila Solar City}}

Manila Solar City is {{convert|148|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} reclamation project to be built through a joint venture between the City Government of Manila and the Manila Goldcoast Development Corporation. It would contain a mixed-use township that was planned in the 1990s but was stalled several times. It was finally approved by the city government of Manila in 2017. The notice to proceed for to mobilize and commence actual reclamation works was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority on February 22, 2021.{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2021 |title=MGDC gets notice to proceed with bay reclamation project |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/biz-plus/348057/mgdc-gets-notice-to-proceed-with-bay-reclamation-project.html |access-date=February 27, 2021 |publisher=ManilaStandard.net}}

{{main|Manila Waterfront City}}

A joint venture between the City of Manila and Waterfront Philippines Inc., which will entail the reclamation of 318 hectares of land located westward from Rizal Park and extending up to the breakwater of Manila South Harbor. It is the second biggest reclamation project in Manila after Horizon Manila and is envisioned to become the financial center of the city. It was approved by the City Government of Manila in 2017. The project received the approval of the Philippine Competition Commission in March 2021.{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2021 |title=PCC approves Manila Bay reclamation joint venture |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/economy-trade/349875/pcc-approves-manila-bay-reclamation-joint-venture.html |access-date=March 19, 2021 |publisher=ManilaStandard.net }} The notice to proceed for to mobilize and commence actual reclamation works was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority on August 29, 2022.{{cite news |last1=Ronda |first1=Ranier Allan |title=Waterfront Manila reclamation project gets green light from PRA |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/08/29/2205799/waterfront-manila-reclamation-project-gets-green-light-pra |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Philippine Star |date=August 29, 2022}}

{{main|Pasay Harbor City}}

The Pasay Harbor City would entail the reclamation of {{convert|265|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} of land on the city's municipal waters. The project is a joint venture of the Pasay city government and Pasay Harbor City Corp., It was approved in 2019.{{Cite web |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |title=Pasay City reclamation project gets PCC's nod |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/10/01/pasay-city-reclamation-project-gets-pccs-nod/ |access-date=September 24, 2020 |publisher=BusinessMirror}}{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Anna Leah E. |date=October 1, 2019 |title=PCC approves joint venture for 265-hectare project |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/10/01/business/business-top/pcc-approves-joint-venture-for-265-hectare-project/624335/ |access-date=September 24, 2020 |publisher=The Manila Times}}

In 2019, the proposal by SM Smart City Infrastructure and Development Corporation to reclaim {{convert|360|ha|sqkm|adj=on}} of land and build a mixed-use township on the city's municipal waters was approved. It will be connected to the SM Mall of Asia Complex in Bay City.{{Cite web |last=Dumlao-Abadilla |first=Doris |date=December 6, 2019 |title=SM Prime bags 360-hectare Pasay reclamation deal |url=https://business.inquirer.net/284832/sm-prime-bags-360-hectare-pasay-reclamation-deal#:~:text=This%20new%20reclamation%20project%20in,star%20hotel%2C%20and%20convention%20center. |access-date=October 28, 2020 |publisher=Inquirer.net}}{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2019 |title=SM Prime gets notice to proceed for Pasay reclamation project |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1088144 |access-date=October 28, 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency}}

Metro Manila has multitude of reclamation projects in varying stages of development:

• Baseco Reclamation Project: a planned 40-hectare reclamation project proposed by Chinese-Filipino consortium UAA Kinming located west of Engineer's Island, and before the planned 407-hectare reclamation of the same developer.
• BRADI Smart Harbor Manila: a 200-hectare reclamation project proposed by the Baseco Rehabilitation and Development, Inc. (BRADI), which is still in the application stage.
• Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike: a proposed expressway dike that would start from the coastal area of Laguna de Bay from Taguig in Metro Manila to Calamba and Los Baños in Laguna.{{Cite web |title=Private-Public Partnership Service – Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike |url=http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/PPP/main2.asp?page=a10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131113020528/http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/PPP/main2.asp?page=a10 |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |access-date=November 13, 2013}}{{Cite web |title=PPP Center – Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike |url=http://ppp.gov.ph/?p=19800 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409131037/http://ppp.gov.ph/?p=19800 |archive-date=April 9, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2015}} The project would involve the reclamation of 700 hectares of land west of and abutting the expressway-dike, separated from the shoreline by a 100–150-meter channel in the cities of Taguig and Muntinlupa.{{Cite web |title=8 companies interested in bidding for Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike Project |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/business/93104/8-companies-interested-in-bidding-for-laguna-lakeshore-expressway-dike-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205604/http://www.interaksyon.com/business/93104/8-companies-interested-in-bidding-for-laguna-lakeshore-expressway-dike-project |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=August 12, 2014}}
• Manila Harbour Centre expansion: a 50 hectare reclamation project west of the existing 79-hectare Manila Harbor Center. It was approved by the Manila City Government in 2016, pending the approval of national government agencies.{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2016 |title=R-II Builders takes on P7.4B reclamation project to expand Manila Harbour Centre |url=https://www.portcalls.com/rii-builders-takes-p74b-reclamation-project-expand-manila-harbour-centre/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=PortCalls Asia}}
• New Manila Bay–City of Pearl: also known as the Baseco Reclamation Project and the New Manila Bay International Community. It is a 407-hectare reclamation project and a mixed-use planned township proposed by UAA Kinming. It was approved by the City Government of Manila in 2017.
• Parañaque Reclamation Project: The Parañaque City Government proposed its own reclamation project which will be built upon 286.86 hectares of reclaimed land along the municipal waters of the city.{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=Proposed 286.86-HECTARE PARAÑAQUE RECLAMATION PROJECT |url=http://eia.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Draft-EIS-Paranaque-286.86-Reclamation-V.2.pdf |access-date=March 7, 2021 |publisher=Environmental Management Bureau}}
• Parañaque Reclamation Project: The Parañaque City Government proposed its own reclamation project which will be built upon 274.23 hectares of reclaimed land along the municipal waters of the city.
• Pasay Reclamation Project: a 260-hectare, which is still in the application stage.

Currently, there are five (5) approved Seabed Quarry Permits issued by the Philippine Government for utilization of marine sediment as construction materials for the Metro Manila reclamation projects and New Manila International Airport in Bulacan.

File:Manila Bay beach (Roxas Boulevard, Manila; 09-19-2020) wiki.jpg

{{main|Manila Bay Beach}}

Manila Bay Beach is a 5.4-hectare man-made beach located in Manila that was created through the process of beach nourishment. It is situated along Manila Bay and is part of an overall integrated coastal zone management aimed at coastal defense of the Manila Bay rehabilitation. When completed, the beach will cover a total length of 900 meters of the Manila Baywalk.{{Cite news |title=ANNEX B 19O00061 |publisher=Department of Public Works and Highways |url=https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/webform/civil_works/bid_bulletin/ANNEX%20B%2019O00061.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2020}} The beach was met with initial criticism when it was built, owing to the timing that it was constructed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping dolomite on the polluted Manila Bay. However, it received the support of the majority of the public,{{cite news |title=CIMATU ELATED BY OVERWHELMING SUPPORT FROM PRRD AND THE PUBLIC FOR MANILA BAY BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT|url=https://www.denr.gov.ph/index.php/news-events/press-releases/1826-cimatu-elated-by-overwhelming-support-from-prrd-and-the-public-for-manila-bay-beach-nourishment-project |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 }} and has improved the environment surrounding it, including the significant drop of fecal coliform level in the waters surrounding the beach.{{cite web |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/18/DENR-records-significant-drop-in-Manila-Bay-s-coliform-level.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219042007/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/18/DENR-records-significant-drop-in-Manila-Bay-s-coliform-level.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |title=DENR records significant drop in Manila Bay's coliform level |last1=Yumol |first1=David Tristan |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=April 8, 2021 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1131068 |title=DENR records further decrease in Manila Bay coliform level |work=Philippine News Agency |date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=April 8, 2021 }}

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Metro Manila

Category:Geography of Metro Manila