Landeskirche
{{Short description|Protestant church of a region in Germany or Switzerland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
In Germany and Switzerland, a Landeskirche ({{IPA|de|ˈlandəsˌkɪʁçə|lang|audio=De-Landeskirche.ogg}}; plural: Landeskirchen, {{IPA|de|ˈlandəsˌkɪʁçn̩|lang|audio=De-Landeskirchen.ogg}}) is the church of a region. The term usually refers to Protestant churches, but—in case of Switzerland—also Roman Catholic dioceses. They originated as the national churches of the independent states, States of Germany (Länder) or Cantons of Switzerland (Kantone, Cantons, Cantoni), that later unified to form modern Germany (in 1871) or modern Switzerland (in 1848), respectively.
Origins in the Holy Roman Empire
In the pre-Reformation era, the organization of the church within a land was understood as a landeskirche, certainly under a higher power (the pope or a patriarch), but also possessing an increased measure of independence, especially as concerning its internal structure and its relations to its king, prince or ruler. Unlike in Scandinavia and England, the bishops in the national churches did not survive the Reformation, making it impossible for a conventional diocesan system to continue within Lutheranism. Therefore, Martin Luther demanded that, as a stop-gap, each secular Landesherr (territorial lord, monarch or a body, like the governments of republican Imperial estates, such as Free Imperial Cities or Swiss cantons) should exercise episcopal functions in the respective territories. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio also arose out of the Reformation, and according to this a Landesherr chose what denomination his subjects had to belong to. This led to closed, insular landeskirchen. The principle was a byproduct of religious politics in the Holy Roman Empire and soon softened after the Thirty Years' War.
At the time of the abolition of the monarchies in Germany in 1918, the Landesherren were summus episcopus (Landesbischöfe, comparable to the Supreme Governor of the Church of England) in the states or their administrative areas, and the ties between churches and nations came to be particularly close, even with Landesherren outside the Lutheran church. So the (Roman Catholic) king of Bavaria was at the same time supreme governor (summus episcopus) of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine. In practice, the Landesherren exercised episcopal functions (summepiscopacy) only indirectly through consistories ({{langx|de|link=no|Konsistorium/Konsistorien}} [sg./pl.]).
In Germany
=List of Landeskirchen in 1922 with changes until 1945=
Those of the following Landeskirchen, which existed in 1922, founded the new umbrella German Evangelical Church Confederation ({{langx|de|Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund}}, 1922–1933). There were mergers in the 1920s and under Nazi reign in 1933 and 1934.
The first date given before every entry in the table below refers to the year, when the respective church body was constituted. Such a date of constitution is somewhat difficult to fix for the 19th century, when church constitutions were reformed and came into effect, which usually provided for more or less state-independent legislative and executive bodies more or less elected by parishioners. The Protestant Reformation and some church organisation (Kirchenordnung) of course existed long before.
For the 20th century the given years refer to the formal establishment of the respective church body. The second date refers to the year, when the respective church body ceased to exist (if so), due to a merger or unwinding. The third entry gives the name of each church body alphabetically assorted by the first territorial entity mentioned in the name. This makes sense because Landeskirchen have clear regional demarcations, therefore usually somehow mentioned in their names. The post-World War I church bodies, listed below, have never existed all in the same time. One can sort the table below alphabetically or chronologically by clicking on the button with the gyronny of four.
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| 19th century | persisting | Anhalt | United by confession | {{SortKey|00315000|315,000}} parishioners (1922)Sebastian Müller-Rolli in collaboration with Reiner Anselm, Evangelische Schulpolitik in Deutschland 1918–1958: Dokumente und Darstellung, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999, (=Eine Veröffentlichung des Comenius-Instituts Münster), p. 30. {{ISBN|3-525-61362-8}}. | The Church body comprises only congregations of united confession. The official church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Anhalt. |
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| 1821 | persisting | Baden | United by confession | {{SortKey|00821000|821,000}} parishioners (1922) | The new name replaced the prior United Evangelical Protestant Church of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1920, when the new church constitution accounted for the Grand Duchy having become a republic. The Church body comprises only congregations of united confession. The official church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Baden. |
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| 1809 | persisting | Bavaria | Lutheran | {{SortKey|01575000|1,575,000}} parishioners (1925)Sebastian Müller-Rolli in collaboration with Reiner Anselm, Evangelische Schulpolitik in Deutschland 1918–1958: Dokumente und Darstellung, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999, (=Eine Veröffentlichung des Comenius-Instituts Münster), p. 29. {{ISBN|3-525-61362-8}}. | The new name replaced the prior Protestant State Church in the Kingdom of Bavaria right of the river Rhine in 1921, when the new church constitution accounted for the Kingdom having become a republic and the Reformed congregations having formed a separate church body. The Bavaria official church body remained an intact church ({{langx|de|intakte Kirche}}), since the Nazi-submissive German Christians remained a minority in the synod after the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the church body. |
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| 1843 | 1934 | Birkenfeld | United by confession | {{SortKey|00040000|40,000}} parishioners (1922) Birkenfeld church body merged into the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union, to be precise in its Ecclesiastical Province in the Rhineland. | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Church of the Principality of Birkenfeld after 1918, when the new Oldenburgian monarchy with its Principality of Birkenfeld had become a republic. The Church body comprised only congregations of united confession. The Ecclesiastical Province in the Rhineland, of which Birkenfeld had become a part, was a destroyed ecclesiastical province ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the provincial synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church in the Rhineland. |
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| 1877 | persisting | Bremian Evangelical Church | United in administration | {{SortKey|00260000|260,000}} parishioners (1922) | The church body comprises mostly Reformed and less Lutheran congregations and one united congregation. The official church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Bremian Confessing Church. |
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| 1872 | persisting | Brunswickian Evangelical Lutheran State Church | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00464000|464,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Brunswickian Confessing Church. |
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| 1922 | 1933 | Frankfurt upon Main | United in administration | {{SortKey|00220000|220,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Frankfurt church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Frankfurt. |
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| 1860 | 1976 | Hamburg | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00914000|914,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Hamburg church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive conservative Lutherans in May 1933 even before the German Christians gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Hamburg. |
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| 1864 | persisting | Hanover Lutheran | Lutheran | {{SortKey|02414000|2,414,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official church body remained an intact church ({{langx|de|intakte Kirche}}), since the Nazi-submissive German Christians remained a minority in the synod after the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the church body. |
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| 1882 | 1989 | Hanover Reformed | Reformed | {{SortKey|00157000|157,000}} parishioners (1922) | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Reformed Church of the Province of Hanover in 1922, when the Hanover Reformed church body caught up in terms of the title with the Hanover Lutheran church body. The official church body remained an intact church ({{langx|de|intakte Kirche}}), since the Nazi-submissive German Christians remained a minority in the synod after the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the church body. |
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| 1873 | 1934 | Hesse Cassel | United in administration | {{SortKey|00822000|822,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Hesse Cassel church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. However, a merger, planned since 1926, with the Frankfurt, Hesse state and Nassau church bodies failed after quarrels about their Nazi radicalism. |
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| 1934 | persisting | Hesse Electorate and Waldeck | United in administration | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | The official Hesse Electorate and Waldeck church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was merged from two destroyed church bodies. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Electoral Hesse-Waldeck. |
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| 19th century | 1933 | Hesse state | United in administration | {{SortKey|00848000|848,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Hesse state church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Hesse. |
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| 1933 | 1945 | Hesse-Nassau | United in administration | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | In September 1933 the destroyed Frankfurt, Hesse state, and Nassau church bodies merged in the new Hesse-Nassau church body, which thus became a new church body radically organised according to the Führerprinzip, thus anti-synodal and anti-presbyterial. With the end of the Nazi reign this church body was dissolved. Nazi opponents had organised along the church bodies merged into this church body. |
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| 1877 | persisting | Lippe State Church | Reformed | {{SortKey|00143000|143,000}} parishioners (1922) | Few Lutheran congregations have their own organisations within the else Reformed Lippe church body. |
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| 1895 | 1976 | Lübeck city-state | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00111000|111,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Lübeck state church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Lübeck state. |
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| 1921 | 1976 | Lübeck region | Lutheran | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | The official Lübeck region church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. However, its land provost (leading cleric) maintained a rather neutral position, so Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the official church body. |
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| 1835 | 1926 | Lusatia | Lutheran | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | In 1926 the Lusatia church body merged in the Saxony state church body. |
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| 1850 | 1934 | Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00614000|614,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Mecklenburg-Schwerin church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. |
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| 19th century | 1934 | Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00101000|101,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Mecklenburg-Strelitz church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. State bishop Gerhard Tolzien was deposed. |
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| 1934 | 2012 | Mecklenburg (united state) | Lutheran | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | The official Mecklenburg state church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was merged from two destroyed church bodies. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church in Mecklenburg. |
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| 1866 | 1933 | Nassau | United in administration | {{SortKey|99999999|no data yet}} | The official Hesse state church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Nassau. |
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| 19th century | persisting | Oldenburg | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00291000|291,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Oldenburg church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Oldenburg. |
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| 1848 | persisting | Palatinate | United by confession | {{SortKey|00506000|506,000}} parishioners (1922) | Since the parishioners' plesbiscite in 1817 all Palatine congregations are confessionally united. The official Palatinate church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of the Palatinate. |
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| 1817 | 2003 | Prussia | United in administration | {{SortKey|18000000|18,000,000}} parishioners (1922) | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces in 1922, accounting for the facts that the Weimar Constitution had done away with state churches in 1919, and that the old-Prussian congregations were then spreading over four sovereign states (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Poland) and three League of Nations mandates (Danzig, Klaipėda, and Saar) after the different post-World War I annexations. The new name was after a denomination, not after a state any more. It became a difficult task to maintain the unity of the church, with some of the annexing states being opposed to the fact that church bodies within their borders keep a union with German church organisations. The official old-Prussian church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the general synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Only the Westphalia ecclesiastical province remained an intact church, since the German Christians did not gain the majority in its provincial synod, while all the other old-Prussian ecclesiastical provinces within Germany were taken over by German Christians as well. The Nazi opponents formed parallel Confessing Church institutions on the old-Prussian general level as well as in the destroyed ecclesiastical provinces. |
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| 19th century | 1934 | Reuss | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00070000|70,000}} parishioners (1922) | The Reuss church body was a stronghold of Lutheran Orthodoxy and refused the merger with the other seven church bodies in Thuringia in 1920. However, in 1934 Reuss merged in the Thuringia church body. |
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| 1868 | persisting | Saxony | Lutheran | {{SortKey|04509000|4,509,000}} parishioners (1922) | The new name came along with the new church constitution of 1922. The official Saxony church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Saxony. |
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| 19th century | persisting | Schaumburg-Lippe | Lutheran | {{SortKey|00044000|44,000}} parishioners (1922) | The Schaumburg-Lippe official church body remained an intact church ({{langx|de|intakte Kirche}}), since the Nazi-submissive German Christians remained a minority in the synod after the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the church body. Even the more, in 1936 the German Christian minority was excluded from the executive board, which was then only staffed with partisans of the Nazi-opponent Confessing Church. |
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| 1867 | 1976 | Schleswig-Holstein | Lutheran | {{SortKey|01361000|1,361,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Schleswig-Holstein church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Schleswig-Holstein. |
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| 1920 | 2008 | Thuringian Evangelical Church | Lutheran | {{SortKey|01384000|1,384,000}} parishioners (1922) | This new church body was a merger of first seven, since 1934 eight church bodies of the Thuringian monarchies (such as Reuss Elder Line, Reuss Junior Line, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duchy of Saxony, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen). The official Thuringia church body became a very radical destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents formed the Confessing Church of Thuringia. |
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| 1873 | 1934 | Waldeck and Pyrmont | United in administration | {{SortKey|00065000|65,000}} parishioners (1922) | The official Waldeck church body became a destroyed church ({{langx|de|zerstörte Kirche}}), since it was taken over by Nazi-submissive German Christians, who gained a majority in the synod by the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. However, a merger, planned since 1926, with the Frankfurt, Hesse state and Nassau church bodies failed after quarrels about their Nazi radicalism. In 1934 the Waldeck church body merged in the Evangelical Church of Electoral Hesse-Waldeck. |
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| 1870 | persisting | Württemberg | Lutheran | {{SortKey|01668000|1,668,000}} parishioners (1922) | The Württemberg official church body remained an intact church ({{langx|de|intakte Kirche}}), since the Nazi-submissive German Christians remained a minority in the synod after the unconstitutional election imposed by Hitler on 23 July 1933. Nazi opponents of the Confessing Church could act within the church body. |
=List of Landeskirchen after 1945 with changes until 2012=
Those of the following Landeskirchen, which existed in 1948, founded the new Protestant umbrella Evangelical Church in Germany ({{langx|de|link=no|Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland}}). However, following the violations of the church constitutions under Nazi reign many church bodies did not simply return to the pre-1933 status quo, but introduced altered or new church constitutions – usually after lengthy synodal procedures of decision-taking -, often including an altered name of the church body. In a process starting in June 1945 and ending in 1953 the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union transformed from an integrated church body, subdivided into ecclesiastical provinces, into an umbrella-like church body, renamed into Evangelical Church of the Union under political pressure of communist East Germany in 1953.
The six old-Prussian ecclesiastical provinces (Kirchenprovinz[en], sg.[pl.]), which were not or not completely abolished by the expulsion of its parishioners from the Polish and Soviet annexed German territories, assumed independence as Landeskirchen of their own between 1945 and 1948, however, simultaneously remaining member churches within the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union, thus rather converted into an umbrella.
The communist dictatorship in East Germany imposed further name changes and administrative reorganisations along the inner German borders. This was reversed after unification.
There were mergers of church bodies in 1947, 1977, 1989, 2004, 2009, and 2012, and likely more are to come. The German demographic crisis and rising irreligionism influence them, especially in former East Germany. The first date given before every entry in the table below refers to the year, when the respective church body was constituted. Such a date of constitution is somewhat difficult to fix for the 19th century, when church constitutions were reformed and came into effect, which usually provided for more or less state-independent legislative and executive bodies more or less elected by parishioners. The Protestant Reformation and some church organisation of course existed long before.
For the last and this century the given years refer to the formal establishment of the respective church body. The second date refers to the year, when the respective church body ceased to exist (if so), due to a merger or unwinding. The third entry gives the name of each church body alphabetically assorted by the first territorial entity mentioned in the name. This makes sense because Landeskirchen have clear regional demarcations, therefore usually somehow mentioned in their names. The post-war German church bodies, listed below, have never existed all in the same time. The very independent and autonomous organisational structure of German Protestantism provides for unconcerted developments. One can assort the table below alphabetically or chronogically by clicking on the button with the gyronny of four.
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| 19th century | persisting | Anhalt | United by confession | the former Free State of Anhalt | Between 1960 and 2003 the Anhalt church was a member of the Evangelical Church of the Union. The Church body comprises only congregations of united confession. |
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| 1821 | persisting | Baden | United by confession | the former Republic of Baden | The new name replaced the prior United Evangelical Protestant State Church of Baden. The Church body comprises only congregations of united confession. |
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| 1809 | persisting | Bavaria | Lutheran | The prior name extension right of the river Rhine was skipped in 1948, after Bavaria left of the river Rhine, i.e. Governorate of the Palatinate, had been seceded from Bavaria by the Allies in 1945. |
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| 1989 | persisting | Bavaria and Northwestern Germany | Reformed | Bavaria, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, former Mecklenburg in its borders of 1936, Saxony (state), and Schleswig-Holstein. | Merger of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and the Evangelical Reformed Church in Northwestern Germany |
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| 1948 | 2003 | Berlin and Brandenburg | United in administration. | East Berlin, West Berlin, and Brandenburg (in its borders of 1945–1952, thus without Polish-annexed eastern Brandenburg and territorial redeployments after the re-establishment of the state in 1990) | The new name replaced the prior March of Brandenburg ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Mark Brandenburg) in 1948, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. The new name reflected the fact, that Berlin was no part of Brandenburg state at that time. Between 1948 and 2003 the Berlin-Brandenburg church was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. In 2004 the Berlin-Brandenburg church body merged into the Evangelical Church Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia. The church body comprised mostly Lutheran and few Reformed and united congregations. |
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| 2004 | persisting | Berlin, Brandenburg, and Silesian Upper Lusatia | United in administration. | Berlin, Brandenburg (in its borders of 1945–1952), and the German remainder of Silesia (mostly Saxon today), after the post-war Polish annexation of main part Silesia | The church body comprises mostly Lutheran and few Reformed and united congregations. |
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| 1877 | persisting | Bremian Evangelical Church | United in administration | Bremen city and one united congregation in the historical centre of Bremerhaven, whose other Lutheran parishes belong to the Hanoveran church body | The church body comprises mostly Reformed and less Lutheran congregations and one united congregation. |
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| 1872 | persisting | Brunswick | Lutheran | former Free State of Brunswick | The new name replaced the prior Brunswickian Evangelical Lutheran State Church in 1970, after considerations, that the church body is rather a Christian than an organisation related to the Brunswickian state. After a British-Soviet boundary adjustment between the British Zone and the Soviet Zone in July 1945 the formerly Brunswickian salients (e.g. the eastern part of Blankenburg District, Hessen am Fallstein) and the exclave of Calvörde became part of the Soviet zone. This did not affect the ecclesiastical affiliation. However, East Germany's sealing off its western border and its very restrictive granting of entry and exit visas made cross-border travelling for easterners almost impossible and difficult for westerners. In 1957 East Germany forbade further contact of the East German Brunswickian parishes with the western-based Brunswick church body on the pretense that the latter co-operated with enimical western NATO forces, following a concordat of the Brunswick church body on military chaplains for the Bundeswehr. |
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| 1921 | 1976 | Eutin | Lutheran | the District of Eutin in Schleswig-Holstein | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Lutheran State Church of the Oldenburgian Region of Lübeck, reflecting the fact, that Oldenburg had ceded its exclave Region of Lübeck to the Prussian Schleswig-Holstein province following the Greater Hamburg Act in 1937. On 1 January 1977 the Eutin church body merged into the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. |
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| 1922 | 1933 de facto | Frankfurt upon Main | United in administration | the formerly Free City of Frankfurt upon Main, 1945–1946 part of Greater Hesse and of Hesse since. | The Frankfurt church body was restored after the end of the war, since the lawfulness of the September-1933 merger into the Evangelical State Church in Hesse-Nassau was doubted due to the influence of the Nazis and the Nazi-submissive German Christians, gained by the unconstitutional re-election of all synods and presbyteries ordered by Hitler in July 1933. In September 1947 a freely and constitutionally elected synod decided on the merger into the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau |
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| 1870 | 1976 | Hamburg | Lutheran | Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in its borders before the Greater Hamburg Act became effective on 1 April 1937, thus including Hamburg's former exclaves such as Cuxhaven, Geesthacht, and Großhansdorf, but without today's boroughs of Altona, Harburg, Wandsbek and further formerly Holsatian municipalities in the North Borough. | On 1 January 1977 the Hamburg church body merged into the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. |
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| 1864 | persisting | Hanover | Lutheran | former Prussian Province of Hanover, in 1977 reduced for those parishes located in the Harburg area of Hanover province, which had been ceded to Hamburg in 1937 and increased by the parishes in Cuxhaven, which had been ceded from Hamburg to Hanover province on the same occasion by the Greater Hamburg Act. | |
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| 1934 | persisting | Hesse Electorate and Waldeck | United in administration | the former Electorate of Hesse, except of some small northern exclaves in today's Lower Saxony, and the former Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont, except of the Pyrmont exclaves, thus still including the exclave of Schmalkalden (Smalkald) in formerly East Germany and today's Free State of Thuringia. | Between 1949 and 1989 the East German communist government inflicted similar problems onto the East German parishes of the Electoral Hesse-Waldeck church body as onto the eastern parishes of Brunswick church body. |
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| 19th century | 1933 de facto | Hesse state | United in administration | former People's State of Hesse | The Hesse church body was restored after the end of the war, since the lawfulness of the September-1933 merger into the Evangelical State Church in Hesse-Nassau was doubted due to the influence of the Nazis and the Nazi-submissive German Christians, gained by the unconstitutional re-election of all synods and presbyteries ordered by Hitler in July 1933. In September 1947 a freely and constitutionally elected synod decided on the merger into the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau |
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| 1947 | persisting | Hesse and Nassau | United in administration | formerly Free City of Frankfurt upon Main, former People's State of Hesse, former Duchy of Nassau, covered by today's states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate | Merger of the Frankfurt, Hesse state, and Nassau church bodies |
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| 1877 | persisting | Lippe State Church | Reformed | former Free State of Lippe | Few Lutheran congregations have their own organisations within the else Reformed Lippe church body. |
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| 1895 | 1976 | Lübeck | Lutheran | former Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Lübeckian State, accounting for Lübeck's statehood being abolished by the Greater Hamburg Act in 1937. On 1 January 1977 the Lübeck church body merged into the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. |
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| 1934 | 2012 | Mecklenburg | Lutheran | former Mecklenburg in its borders of 1936 | After a British-Soviet boundary adjustment between the British Zone and the Soviet Zone of occupation in Germany following the Barber Lyashchenko Agreement in November 1945 the parishes of Ratzeburg Cathedral and Bäk, Mechow, Römnitz, and Ziethen became part of the British zone. This did not affect the ecclesiastical affiliation. So the Mecklenburg church body retains a stake as co-owner in the historically important Ratzeburg Cathedral. |
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| 2009 | persisting | Middle Germany | United in administration | former Province of Saxony and the State of Thuringia in its borders of 1920. | Merger of the Saxony province and Thuringia church bodies. |
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| 1866 | 1933 de facto | Nassau | United in administration | former Duchy of Nassau, since 1945 split between Greater Hesse (and its successor Hesse) and Rhineland-Palatinate | The Hesse church body was restored after the end of the war, since the lawfulness of the September-1933 merger into the Evangelical State Church in Hesse-Nassau was doubted due to the influence of the Nazis and the Nazi-submissive German Christians, gained by the unconstitutional re-election of all synods and presbyteries ordered by Hitler in July 1933. In September 1947 a freely and constitutionally elected synod decided on the merger into the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau |
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| 1977 | 2012 | North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church | Lutheran | Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein | Merger of Eutin, Hamburg, Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein church bodies. In 2012 the North Elbian church body merged in the new Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. |
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| 2012 | persisting | Northern Germany | Lutheran | Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein | Merger of Mecklenburg, North Elbian, and Pomeranian church bodies. |
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| 1882 | 1989 | Northwestern Germany | Reformed | the former Prussian Province of Hanover and some Reformed parishes in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Reformed State Church of the Province of Hanover in 1949, considering the accession of parishes outside of Hanover province (since 1923) and the latter's merger into Lower Saxony in 1946. In 1989 the Evangelical Reformed Church in Northwestern Germany merged into the Evangelical Reformed Church |
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| 19th century | persisting | Oldenburg | Lutheran | former Free State of Oldenburg except of its exclaves of Birkenfeld and Region of Lübeck | |
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| 1848 | persisting | Palatinate | United by confession | the formerly Bavarian Governorate of the Palatinate since 1945 divided between Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saar Protectorate (and its successor Saarland, as of 1957). | The new name replaced the prior United Protestant Evangelical Christian Church of the Palatinate (Palatine State Church) in 1976. Since the parishioners' plesbiscite in 1817 all Palatine congregations are confessionally united. |
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| 1947 | 2012 | Pomeranian Evangelical Church | United in administration | The new name replaced the prior Pomerania ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Pommern) in 1947, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. Between 1947 and 2003 the Pomerania church body was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. In 1968 communist East Germany ordered the church body to skip the term Pomerania from its name, then it chose the name Evangelical Church in Greifswald ({{langx|de|link=no|Evangelische Kirche in Greifswald}}). The original name was readopted in 1990. In 2012 the Pomeranian church body merged in the new Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. |
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| 1948 | persisting | Rhineland | United in administration | former Rhine Province (in its borders of 1938) | The new name replaced the prior Rhineland ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Rheinland) in 1948, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. Between 1948 and 2003 the Rhineland church body was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. |
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| 1868 | persisting | Saxony state | Lutheran | former Kingdom of Saxony except of the small area annexed to Poland in 1945 (modern Saxon Free State territory differs considerably more). | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Lutheran State Church of the Free State of Saxony since the Free State had been abolished in 1952, only to be re-established in 1990, which did not cause another name change. |
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| 1947 | 2008 | Saxony province | United in administration | former Province of Saxony. | The new name extended the prior Saxony ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Sachsen) in 1947, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. Between 1947 and 2003 the church body of the Saxony Ecclesiastical Province was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. On 1 January 2009 the church body of the Saxony Ecclesiastical Province merged into the Evangelical Church in Middle Germany. |
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| 19th century | persisting | Schaumburg-Lippe | Lutheran | former Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe | Any claim to merge the tiny Schaumburg-Lippe church body has been refused so far based on a solid self-confidence, also laid during the Nazi era, when this church body became the only one in 1936, which staffed all its executive board only with partisans of the Nazi-opponent Confessing Church. |
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| 1867 | 1976 | Schleswig-Holstein | Lutheran | former Province of Schleswig-Holstein in its borders of 1936 | On 1 January 1977 the Schleswig-Holstein church body merged into the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. |
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| 1947 | 2003 | Silesia (n Upper Lusatia) | United in administration | the German remainder of Silesia, after the post-war Polish annexation of main part Silesia | The new name replaced the prior Silesia ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Schlesien) in 1947, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. Between 1947 and 2003 the Silesia church body was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. In 1968 communist East Germany ordered the church body to skip the term Silesia from its name, then it chose the name Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region ({{langx|de|link=no|Evangelische Kirche des Görlitzer Kirchengebiets}}). In 1992 the Silesia church body dropped its unwanted name and chose the new name of Evangelical Church of Silesian Upper Lusatia. On 1 January 2004 the Silesia church body merged into the Evangelical Church Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia. |
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| 1920 | 2008 | Thuringia | Lutheran | the State of Thuringia in its borders of 1920 | The new name replaced the prior Thuringian Evangelical Church in 1948. On 1 January 2009 the church body merged into the Evangelical Church in Middle Germany. |
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| 1817 | 2003 | Union | United in administration | Berlin, Brandenburg (in its borders of 1946–1952), German Hither Pomerania, former Hohenzollern province (ceded to Württemberg church body in 1950), former Rhine Province (in its borders of 1938), former Province of Saxony (in its borders of 1938), post-war German part of former Silesia province, former Westphalia (in its borders of 1815–1946), as well as the Saarland, except of its eastern formerly Palatine districts. | The new name replaced the prior Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union in 1953, after the communist dictatorship in East Germany insisted on skipping the name element Prussia. Between 1948 and 2003 EKU was rather an umbrella, though running an own synod and executive body. Therefore, it was an equal member of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), even though all of EKU's member churches were simultaneously members of EKD on their own. The church was merged into the mere umbrella Union of Evangelical Churches. |
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| 1945 | persisting | Westphalia | United in administration | former Province of Westphalia (in its borders of 1815–1945) | The new name replaced the prior Westphalia ecclesiastical province (Kirchenprovinz Westfalen) in 1945, when this old-Prussian ecclesiastical province assumed independence as Landeskirche. Between 1945 and 2003 the Westphalia church body was a member of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union. |
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| 1870 | persisting | Württemberg | Lutheran | former Free People's State of Württemberg plus former Province of Hohenzollern (as of 1950) | |
=List of further Protestant church bodies in Germany=
This is a list of more Protestant church bodies, which were not members of the German Federation of Protestant Churches
- - 1918–1989: Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria ({{langx|de|Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche in Bayern}}, the Reformed parishes before included in the Lutheran Bavarian church body seceded and formed their own church body in 1918. In 1989 Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria merged into the Evangelical Reformed Church - Synod of Reformed Churches in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany ({{langx|de|Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche – Synode evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen in Bayern und Nordwestdeutschland}}) – Territory: then the Free State of Bavaria right of the river Rhine
- - Lower Saxon Confederation (Reformed, {{langx|de|link=no|Niedersächsische Konföderation}}) – Territory: Calvinist congregations, mostly of Huguenot foundation, in the Free State of Brunswick, the Free and Hanseatic Cities of Hamburg and Lübeck and the Prussian Province of Hanover.
=List of today's Landeskirchen=
For a list of today's Protestant Landeskirchen in Germany see their umbrella Protestant Church in Germany.
=List=
=Offices and institutions=
=Administration=
In Switzerland
Switzerland has no country-wide state religion, though most of the cantons (except for Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official Landeskirchen, in all cases including the Roman Catholic Church and the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of adherents.[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35487.htm state.gov – Switzerland]
=Roman Catholic cantonal churches=
In most cantons the Roman Catholic congregations are organised in cantonal church bodies which form statutory corporations with executive and supervising bodies elected by their parishioners. Roman Catholic Landeskirchen developed from denominationally separate committees of the cantonal governments in cantons with populations of mixed denomination, such as Aargau, Graubünden, St. Gallen and Thurgau.Christoph Winzeler, [http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D43204.php "3 - Katholische Landeskirchen"], on: [http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/index.php Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217091108/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/index.php |date=17 February 2010 }}, Retrieved 21 August 2013. These separate government committees, competent for ecclesiastical matters of the respective denomination and founded in the 16th and 17th century, were sometimes called Corpus Catholicorum (for the Roman Catholics, with the equivalent Corpus Evangelicorum for the Reformed Protestants).
In other cantons with predominantly Reformed population, Roman Catholic Landeskirchen were founded after World War II (except for Bern whose Roman Catholic Regional Church had already been established in 1939), paralleling the long established Reformed Landeskirchen in those cantons and accounting for the recognition of Roman Catholicism as an equivalent denomination. Cantons of prevailingly Roman Catholic population then followed that example, first the Lucerne.
Church buildings and other real estate, religious schools, religious charitable organisations and religious counselling centres are often owned, run and financed by the funds of the cantonally competent Roman Catholic church body. Since each has executive and legislative bodies, elected by its statutory members (i.e. the parishioners of age), each Roman Catholic church body is accepted as a democratic entity entitled to levy member fees (also by way of a church tax), because the usage of the funds is decided by the elected representatives of those who defray them.
According to Roman Catholic doctrine the Roman Catholic church bodies are not churches, since there is only one hierarchic church. Therefore some Roman Catholics oppose the Roman Catholic Landeskirchen as para-ecclesiastical entities paralleling the actual Roman Catholic church, while many others support the idea since they offer Roman Catholics similar opportunities to participate in church life like the Reformed Landeskirchen.
Some cantonal church bodies bear the name Landeskirche in their name, others are called a synod, federation or association of congregations or simply Catholic Church of the respective Canton. Whereas the term Landeskirche actually implies that the body is a separate denomination, the term cantonal church would be more appropriate for Roman Catholic regional church bodies, since they form a cantonally delineated corporation of the Roman Catholic parishioners within a canton but are cooperating and providing services to their members, who in the canonical sense remain members of the Roman Catholic Church pastoring them by its respective diocese.
The Roman Catholic cantonal church bodies form part of the Roman Catholic Central Conference of Switzerland (RKZ, official names in {{langx|de|link=no|Römisch-Katholische Zentralkonferenz der Schweiz}}, {{langx|fr|link=no|Conférence centrale catholique romaine de Suisse}}, {{langx|it|link=no|Conferenza centrale cattolica romana della Svizzera}}, {{langx|rm|link=no|Conferenza centrala catolica romana da la Svizra}}).
==List of Roman Catholic Landeskirchen==
| class="wikitable" style="clear:both;" |
| style="background-color:#bbbbbb;"
! Landeskirche or cantonal church body ! Chairperson ! Canton and ! Congregations ! administrative seat |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Roman Catholic Church in Aargau|de|3=Römisch-katholische Kirche im Aargau}} | Luc Humbel, titled President of the Church Council | align="center"| Aargau | align="right"| 93 | Aarau |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Catholic Congregations of Inner Rhodes | | align="center"| Appenzell Innerrhoden | align="right"| 7 | Gonten |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Association of Roman Catholic Congregations in the Canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes | | align="center"| Appenzell Ausserrhoden | align="right"| 9 | Herisau |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Church of the Canton of Basel City | | align="center"| Basel City | align="right"| 11 | Basel |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft | | align="center"| Basel-Landschaft | align="right"| 32 | Liestal |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Bern | | align="center"| Bern | align="right"| 33 |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Catholic Ecclesiastic Corporation of the Canton of Fribourg | | align="center"| Fribourg | align="right"| 144 |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Church of Geneva | | align="center"| Geneva | align="right"| 55 | Geneva |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Association of the Roman Catholic Congregations of the Canton of Glarus | | align="center"| Glarus | align="right"| 6 | Näfels |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Catholic Cantonal Church of Graubünden|de|3=Katholische Landeskirche Graubünden}} | | align="center"| Grisons | align="right"| 131 |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Cantonal Roman Catholic Ecclesiastic Entity of the Republic and Canton of Jura | | align="center"| Jura | align="right"| 63 | Delémont |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Lucerne | | align="center"| Lucerne | align="right"| 85 | Lucerne |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Neuchâtel Roman Catholic Federation | | align="center"| Neuchâtel | align="right"| 19 |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Nidwalden | | align="center"| Nidwalden | align="right"| 12 | Stans |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Association of the Roman Catholic Congregations of the Canton of Obwalden | | align="center"| Obwalden | align="right"| 6 | Sachseln |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Catholic Denominational Section of the Canton of St. Gallen | | align="center"| St. Gallen | align="right"| 113 |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Schaffhausen | | align="center"| Schaffhausen | align="right"| 6 |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Synod of the Canton of Solothurn | | align="center"| Solothurn | align="right"| 75 |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Catholic Regional Church of the Canton of Thurgau | | align="center"| Thurgau | align="right"| 54 |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Diocese of Lugano | | align="center"| Ticino | align="right"| 259 | Lugano |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Roman Catholic Regional Church of Uri | | align="center"| Uri | align="right"| 23 |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion | | align="center"| Valais | align="right"| 158 | Sion |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Federation of the Canton of Vaud | | align="center"| Vaud | align="right"| 54 | Lausanne |
| style="background-color:#dddddd;"
| Union of the Catholic Congregations of the Canton of Zug | | align="center"| Zug | align="right"| 10 | Cham |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Roman Catholic Corporation of the Canton of Zürich | | align="center"| Zürich | align="right"| 75 | Zürich |
The Roman Catholic Cantonal Church of Schwyz (Römisch-katholische Kantonalkirche Schwyz) enjoys the status of an associated guest.
=List of Protestant Landeskirchen=
{{Further|Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches}}
See also
- Evangelical Church in Germany (1945 – today)
- German Evangelical Church (1933–1945)
- Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches (1920 – today)