Langkat Malay

Langkat Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.{{Cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=K. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136755095 |language=en}}

Langkat Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of North Sumatra, including Asahan Malay, Batubara Malay, Deli Malay, Serdang Malay, and Tamiang Malay. Collectively, these varieties are classified as the East Sumatran Malay group.{{Citation |last=Nuzwaty |title=Leksikal Pemarkah Evidensial pada Bahasa Kualuh |date=2017-11-14 |url=https://osf.io/hbpf3 |access-date=2025-02-19 |doi=10.31219/osf.io/hbpf3}} The differences between these varieties primarily lie in their phonology and lexicon. Despite these differences, they share a high degree of similarity. For instance, it is estimated that 90% of the lexicon in Langkat Malay and Deli Malay overlaps.{{Cite journal |last=Nursiwan |date=2013 |title=Klasifikasi Leksikostatistik Bahasa Melayu Langkat, Bahasa Melayu Deli, dan Bahasa Dairi Pakpak |url=https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/sulukindo/article/view/1435 |journal=Suluk Indo |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=130–146}} Langkat Malay is also closely related to Riau Malay, which is spoken in the Riau to the south of North Sumatra.Diva, Nitama Putri (2020) Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu Langkat, Melayu Makasar, Melayu Riau, dan Sakai. Undergraduate thesis, Diponegoro University.

Langkat Malay is mainly spoken in Langkat Regency, located in the northernmost part of North Sumatra, as well as in the city of Binjai.{{Cite journal |last1=Pramuniati |first1=Isda |last2=Mahriyuni |first2=Mahriyuni |last3=Syarfina |first3=Tengku |date=2024-01-09 |title=The vitality of Malay Language in North Sumatera, Indonesia |url=https://royalliteglobal.com/advanced-humanities/article/view/1390 |journal=Research Journal in Advanced Humanities |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.58256/h2vqkg98 |issn=2708-5953|doi-access=free }} The language is primarily spoken in areas with a significant Malay population, particularly in coastal regions such as Stabat and, most notably, Tanjung Pura, which serves as both the cultural center of the Malay people in Langkat and the royal seat of the Langkat Sultanate.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=6}}{{Cite journal |last1=Mazdalifah |first1=Mazdalifah |last2=Sitepu |first2=Yovita Sabarina |last3=Lubis |first3=Fatma Wardy |date=2019-10-30 |title=Literasi Media Berbasis Kearifan Lokal di Tanjung Pura, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara |url=http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/simbolika/article/view/2827 |journal=JURNAL SIMBOLIKA: Research and Learning in Communication Study |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=88 |doi=10.31289/simbollika.v5i2.2827 |issn=2442-9996|doi-access=free }} In contrast, Batak languages, such as Karo, dominate the interior of the regency.{{Cite journal |last=Erwina |first=Emmy |date=2020-11-21 |title=Intonasi Perasaan Senang Tuturan Bahasa Melayu Langkat dengan Menggunakan Metode Average |url=https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/jeill/article/view/7228 |journal=Indonesian Language Education and Literature |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47 |doi=10.24235/ileal.v6i1.7228 |issn=2502-2261|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Ginting |first1=Sri Ulina Beru |last2=Nofasari |first2=Erlinda |last3=Dina |first3=Risma |last4=Ismail |first4=Ismail |last5=Kartolo |first5=Rahmat |date=2024-02-08 |title=Sosialisasi Tri Gatra Bahasa yaitu: Utamakan Bahasa Indonesia, Lestarikan Bahasa Daerah, Kuasai Bahasa Asing pada Masyarakat Desa Telagah, Kecamatan Sei Bingai. |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/adam/article/view/1766 |journal=Jurnal ADAM: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat |language=id |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=72–79 |doi=10.37081/adam.v3i1.1766 |doi-broken-date=26 February 2025 |issn=2829-744X}} Langkat Malay is typically used as a daily communication tool among the Malay community or in informal settings, whereas in formal situations, such as in schools or government institutions, Indonesian is the commonly used language.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=7}} The use of standard Indonesian, which evolved from Johor-Riau Malay, in schools is believed to have begun around the same time as the establishment of government schools in Langkat Regency during the Dutch East Indies era in the early 20th century, when Johor-Riau Malay served as the lingua franca among native Indonesians.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=7}} Because Indonesian is the national language, it is common for Langkat Malay speakers, especially younger generations, to code-switch or code-mix between Langkat Malay and Indonesian.

Langkat Malay, as one of the regional languages in Indonesia spoken specifically in North Sumatra, particularly in Langkat, serves as a means of communication, a cultural support, and a symbol of identity for the Langkat Malay community. In the Langkat Malay community, Langkat Malay is used for cultural and traditional purposes, including ceremonies and rituals as well as oral traditions such as local folklores and pantuns, which are traditional Malay poems.{{Cite journal |last1=Samosir |first1=Zurni Zahara |last2=Mulyani |first2=Rozanna |last3=Sitinjak |first3=Dedy Rahmad |date=2022 |title=Revitalisasi Cerita Rakyat Melayu di Kabupaten Langkat dalam Melestarikan Kearifan Lokal |trans-title=Revitalization of Malay Folklore in Langkat Regency in Preserving Local Wisdom |url=https://talentaconfseries.usu.ac.id/lwsa/article/view/1347 |journal=Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts |language=id |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.32734/lwsa.v5i1.1347 |doi-broken-date=26 February 2025 |issn=2654-7066 |eissn=2654-7058}}{{Cite journal |last1=Yani |first1=Fitri |last2=Wuriyani |first2=Elly Prihasti |last3=Harahap |first3=Rosmawaty |date=2022-05-31 |title=Makna Simbolik Tradisi Berbalas Pantun dalam Perkawinan Adat Melayu Langkat |url=https://www.bajangjournal.com/index.php/JOEL/article/view/2292 |journal=JOEL: Journal of Educational and Language Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=1495–1502 |doi=10.53625/joel.v1i10.2292 |doi-broken-date=26 February 2025 |issn=2807-8721}} In these ceremonies, Langkat Malay plays a significant role. Traditional ceremonies include events such as marriage proposals, weddings, baby bathing rituals, housewarming ceremonies, rituals for blessing farmland, welcoming esteemed guests, and the adoption process.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=9}} In religious ceremonies, unlike in other regions of Indonesia where regional languages play a significant role, Langkat Malay is not particularly prominent. For example, in West Java, sermons can be delivered in Sundanese alongside Arabic. However, this is not the case for Langkat Malay, which is rarely used in religious contexts. In formal religious events, such as mosque sermons, funeral rites, and marriage contracts, Indonesian is typically used alongside Arabic.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=9-10}}

Although Malay is the indigenous language of Langkat, it is no longer spoken by the majority of the population. This shift is largely due to migration from other parts of Indonesia, particularly from Central and East Java, as Javanese migrants brought their native language with them.{{Cite journal |last=Aini |first=Nur |date=2022-10-12 |title=Kesenian Kuda Kepang Soponyono Grup sebagai Sarana Pembauran Sosial di Kecamatan Sei Lepan, Kabupaten Langkat |url=https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/jsnbl/article/view/5738 |journal=SEUNEUBOK LADA: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sejarah, Sosial, Budaya Dan Kependidikan |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=272–281 |doi=10.33059/jsnbl.v10i2.5738 |issn=2685-2705|doi-access=free }} The transmigration program, which relocated people from Java to Sumatra, began during the Dutch colonial era and continued after Indonesia's independence. Today, the Javanese population in Langkat has surpassed the native Malay population, making Javanese the largest ethnic group in the regency.{{Cite journal |last1=Hasanah |first1=Uswatun |last2=Hanum |first2=Nurfadillah |date=2024-09-30 |title=Mengungkap Nilai-Nilai Kearifan Lokal Langkat Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Bangsa Indonesia |url=https://pelitaaksara.or.id/index.php/terpadu/article/view/54 |journal=TERPADU: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=374–386}} This has posed a threat to the use of Langkat Malay. Additionally, a language shift is occurring within the Langkat Malay community, particularly among younger generations, who increasingly prefer to speak standard Indonesian over Langkat Malay.

Langkat Malay has two known dialects: the Stabat dialect and the Tanjung Pura dialect.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=8}} The Tanjung Pura dialect is considered the prestige variety, as Tanjung Pura serves as both the cultural center of the Langkat Malay community and the royal capital of the Langkat Sultanate.

Langkat Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Langkat Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography, especially the system created by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.

Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Langkat Malay has six vowels. These vowels are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, and /o/.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=12}}

Notes:

• In writing, {{IPAslink|e}} and {{IPAslink|ə}} are both represented as {{Grapheme|e}}.

Langkat Malay has 20 consonants.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=14}}

Notes:

In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:

• {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is {{Grapheme|ng}}
• {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is {{Grapheme|ny}}
• {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} is {{Grapheme|c}}
• {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} is {{Grapheme|j}}
• {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is {{Grapheme|k}}
• {{IPAslink|j}} is {{Grapheme|y}}
• {{IPAslink|ʀ̥}} is {{Grapheme|r}}

Langkat Malay has 10 diphthongs.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=30}} The following examples illustrate their usage:

• /ia/: alia 'ginger', derian 'durian'
• /iu/: tiup 'to blow', piut 'great-great-grandchild'
• /ee/: peel 'behavior'
• /ai/: kain 'cloth', dain 'salted fish'
• /ae/: kaet 'to link', jaet 'to sew'
• /aa/: saat 'moment', faal 'physiology'
• /ao/: paot 'to hang', daon 'leaf'
• /ui/: kuit 'to touch', duit 'money'
• /ue/: kueh 'cake'
• /ua/: kuari 'window', lengkuas 'blue ginger'

{{Main|Malay grammar}}

Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Langkat Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Langkat Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.

The affixes found in Langkat Malay are of four types: prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, and compound affixes.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=47}} The table below presents a list of some examples of affixes used in Langkat Malay, along with their allomorphs, meanings, and examples:

In Langkat Malay, as in other Malay varieties, reduplication can also be found. The representation of these reduplicated words can be analyzed from various aspects. Reduplication in Langkat Malay has two forms: base-form reduplication and affixed-form reduplication.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=70}} Reduplication can also be divided into two types: full reduplication, where the entire word is repeated, and partial reduplication, where only a part of the word is repeated.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=70}} It has several functions, such as forming nouns, verbs and adjectives. In Langkat Malay, reduplication has several meanings, such as indicating plurality, expressing repeated actions, denoting reciprocal actions, describing a state or characteristic of the root word, and indicating collectivity.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=71}}

Examples of base-form reduplication are shown below:

• lumbung 'granary' → lumbung-lumbung 'granaries'
• lagak 'pretty' → lagak-lagak 'pretty-pretty'
• kuari 'window' → kuari-kuari 'windows'

Examples of affixed-form reduplication are shown below:

• lari 'to run' → belari-lari 'to run back and forth'
• taba 'to laugh' → betaba-taba 'to laugh repeatedly or continuously'
• ujan 'rain' → berujan-ujan 'to play in the rain continuously'

Some characteristics of nouns in Langkat Malay include the ability to take affixes such as peN-, peN-...-an, per-...-an, -an, and ke-...-an. They can also be pluralized through reduplication and, if referring to a person or a proper name, can be replaced with ia ‘he/she’ or orang ‘they’.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=36}}

The characteristics of nouns that can be affixed are shown in the following examples:

• peN-...-an + jaga 'to guard' → penjagaan 'guarding'
• minum 'to drink' + -an → minuman 'drinks'
• ke-...-an + kecit 'small' → kekecitan 'smallness'

Examples of nouns that can be pluralized through reduplication are shown below:

• seluar 'pants' → seluar-seluar 'multiple pants'
• buah 'fruits' → buah-buah 'fruits'
• kating 'basket' → 'kating-kating 'baskets'

In Langkat Malay, ia 'he/she' and orang 'they' are used when a noun refers to a person or proper name.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=38}} For example:

• Si Udin so lalu ke pekan 'Si Udin has gone to the market.'
• Ia so lalu ke pekan 'He/she has gone to the market.'
• Abang dan kakak mbuat rumah 'Brother and sister are building a house.'
• Orang yo mbuat rumah 'They are building a house.'

There are four types of nouns in Langkat Malay:

(a) Nouns that can be quantified with buah '(classifier for things)':

• due buah derian 'two durians'

(b) Nouns that can be quantified with ekor 'tail/(classifier for animals)':

• tige ekor ikan 'three fishes'

(c) Nouns that can be quantified with orang 'person':

• lime orang pendudok 'five locals'

(d) Nouns that cannot be quantified:

• kecerditan 'smartness'

Verbs in Langkat Malay can take various affixes, including N-, ber-, ber-...-an, -ka, -i, N-...-ka, N-...-i, ter-...-i, and ter-...-ka. They can also be passivized using the affixes di-, di-...-ka, and di-...-kena.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=38-39}} For example:

• selok 'to wear' + -ka → selokka 'to wear someone'
• N- + bawa 'to bring' + -ka → mbawaka 'to bring something'
• ter- + angat 'hot' + -i → terangati 'to get heated by accident'

Verbs in Langkat Malay can be classified into two types: verbs that can be followed by a noun phrase (transitive verbs) and verbs that cannot be followed by a noun phrase (intransitive verbs).{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=40}}

Examples of transitive verbs are shown below:

• mbeli seleper 'buying sandals'
• ngelutar mangga 'throwing a mango'
• nonggak unggas 'catching birds'
• mbuat kepoh ayam 'building a chicken coop'
• mbeli seleper akak 'buying sister’s sandals'
• ngelatahi akar lalang 'removing wild grass roots'

Examples of intransitive verbs are shown below:

• nari 'dancing'
• belari 'running'
• nangis 'crying'

Adjectives in Langkat Malay have several characteristics: they can follow a noun, be preceded by paling ‘most,’ take the suffix -an, and be followed by kali, bena, or botol, all of which mean ‘very' or 'truly'.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=41}}

Examples of adjectives that can be followed by a noun are shown below:

• kabar menday 'good news'
• rumah burok 'bad house'
• kelamber tuha 'old coconut'

Examples of adjectives that can be preceded by paling are shown below:

• paling besar 'biggest'
• paling kecil 'smallest'
• paling tinggi 'tallest'

Examples of adjectives that can be affixed with -an are shown below:

• besar + -an → besaran 'bigger'
• itam + -an → itaman 'blacker'
• manis + -an → manisan 'sweeter'

Examples of adjectives that can be followed by kali, bena, and botol are shown below:

• sikit kali 'very little'
• paet kali 'very bitter'
• lantam kali 'very arrogant'
• ajab bena 'very difficult'
• puteh bena 'very white'
• besar botol 'truly big'
• berani botol 'truly brave'
• pandak botol 'truly short'

The characteristics of numerals in Langkat Malay are that they can only be directly followed by a noun or a noun phrase.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=41}} Numerals in Langkat Malay can be classified into three types: definite numerals, indefinite numerals, and ordinal numerals.

Definite numerals specify an exact number. For example:

• satu 'one'
• due 'two'
• tige 'three'
• empat 'four'

Indefinite numerals indicate an unspecified quantity. For example:

• semue 'all'
• sebelah 'half'
• banyak 'many'
• sikit 'few'

Ordinal numerals indicate order or ranking. For example:

• kedue 'second'
• kelime 'fifth'
• kelapan 'eighth'
• kesebelas 'eleventh'

Particles in Langkat Malay have several characteristics: they cannot take affixes and can appear before or after nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals.{{sfn|Noor et al.|1985|p=43}}

Examples of particles that cannot be affixed are shown below:

• ndak 'no'
• tengah 'currently'
• belom 'not yet'
• so, sudah 'already'
• te 'not'
• kat 'to, at'

Examples of particles that can be followed or preceded by other words are shown below:

• dari pekan → 'from the market'
• di laot → 'at sea'
• kat abah → 'to father'
• ke rumah → 'to home'
• so lalu → 'already gone'
• belom tidur → 'not yet asleep'
• tengah anggat-anggat → 'currently warm'
• lagak kali → 'very beautiful'
• ampir seratus → 'almost one hundred'
• te mati → 'not dead'

Langkat Malay features a distinctive lexicon, with many words not found in other Malay varieties. Like other Malay dialects, it has absorbed loanwords from foreign languages, particularly Arabic, due to the strong influence of Islam among the Langkat Malay people. One example is abah ‘father,’ borrowed from Arabic abā (أَبَاً).In addition to Arabic, Langkat Malay has also incorporated a significant number of words from standard Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia, which is taught in schools and used in official settings such as government institutions. However, traditional Langkat Malay vocabulary is increasingly under threat as Indonesian equivalents replace native terms. This shift is especially noticeable among younger generations, leading to a gradual decline in familiarity with their linguistic heritage.Adisaputera, Abdurahman (2010). "Perubahan Sosial Ekologi dan Perubahan Budaya Lingual dalam Sistem Kekerabatan Melayu Langkat". Jurnal Bahasa, 19 (2). ISSN 0852-8535

Below are examples of commonly used Langkat Malay vocabulary along with their Indonesian and English translations:

Like many other Malayic languages, Langkat Malay was historically written in the Jawi script, also known as Arab-Melayu or Pegon. In the Langkat Sultanate, Jawi, a script derived from Arabic and introduced by Arab traders, was widely used for both daily communication and official affairs. The prominence of Jawi script grew alongside the rapid expansion of the Malay language, which became a lingua franca across the Malay Archipelago during the 15th and 16th centuries. During this period, numerous Islamic sultanates in the Malay Archipelago, including Aceh, Serdang, Langkat, Deli, Tanjung Pura, Siak, Jambi, Riau-Lingga, Palembang, and others, adopted Jawi as the official script of their administrations.{{Cite journal |last1=Yusoff |first1=Mohd Arif |last2=Hamzah |first2=Mohd Isa |last3=Yusuf |first3=Sri Andayani Mahdi |last4=Soh |first4=Tengku Hasipullah Tuan |date=2020 |title=Kepentingan Tulisan Jawi kepada Pembelajaran Iqra' dan Al-Qur'an dalam Kalangan Murid Tahap Dua di PLC Tanjung Aru |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104489739/eProceedings_InCER2020-libre.pdf?1690200928=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DLesson_Study_Issues_and_Challenges_of_Im.pdf&Expires=1740755866&Signature=Zzdk4-E6Z6rJnEDKndEzyiCCx-rpWECCyOERyPlptgyLanPmOb~3sowgMYAaqNYKWCnR381sivvT98~H2v35kTIAHCmABeaP4wygM7zW158KxvR3gD6sTy0YAcUtdS~YSy8fM1L~REUtDWyQDGuAJvcXIO8pL9cryT2jB0cDHejszClDhA5yVitmdvN5ZpQesg4MAP1ZS2sQHlN3kk-R5biPJLJFY1eyHqejzGCkvf3XgsItKh5WEDwkl3EXc68PGGMhCDhZ~tWdhsRw1ovwtjOFJKw6dWlkB5zF81GYF~E1GmTLc-7KgVJ-YReZIO-gl9iZo~3z7K2QvhHdXxb9TA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=432 |journal=E-Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Research 2020 (InCER 2020) |language=ms |location=Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor |publisher=Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pendidikan Islam |pages=417–424 |isbn=978-967-2405-24-5}} Jawi was historically used in Langkat to record traditional literatures, such as religious inscriptions, Islamic manuscripts and other works.{{Cite journal |last=Abdurrahman |first=Kasim |date=2018-06-30 |title=Inskripsi Keagamaan pada Masjid Azizi Tanjungpura, Langkat, Sumatera Utara |url=http://localhost/jlkojs321/index.php/lektur/article/view/494 |journal=Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=75–100 |doi=10.31291/jlk.v16i1.494 |doi-broken-date=15 April 2025 |issn=2620-522X|doi-access=free }} However, with the introduction of the Latin script during European colonization, the use of the Jawi script in Langkat and other regions declined significantly, eventually becoming almost nonexistent in daily communication.{{Cite journal |last1=M.Ag |first1=Rahimah |last2=M.Hum |first2=Mahmud Khudri |last3=M.a |first3=Fauziah |date=2020-10-05 |title=Analisis Teks 'Sabilul Akhyar |url=https://rumpunjurnal.com/jurnal/index.php/rumpun/article/view/113 |journal=Rumpun Jurnal Persuratan Melayu |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=40–48 |issn=2637-126X}} Today, the use of Jawi in Langkat is highly limited and is mostly preserved in Islamic boarding schools, where students learn Jawi calligraphy for Quranic recitations.{{Cite journal |last1=Sabariah |first1=Hayatun |last2=Ridha |first2=Zaifatur |last3=Sembiring |first3=Aulia Rahmah |date=2024-11-12 |title=Pelatihan Pembuatan Sablon Spons dalam Tulisan Khaligrafi di Pondok Pesantren Al-Fath Gebang |url=http://jurnal.unmuhjember.ac.id/index.php/Mujtama/article/view/23283 |journal=Mujtama Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.32528/mujtama.v4i2.23283 |doi-broken-date=5 March 2025 |issn=2807-8586}}

• Langkat Regency
• Sultanate of Langkat
• Deli Malay
• Tamiang Malay

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last1=Masindan|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2942/1/Kamus%20Melayu%20Langkat-Indonesia%20-%20195h.pdf|title=Kamus Melayu Langkat-Indonesia|last2=Sinar|first2=T. Silvana |last3=Zulkiffi|last4=Muchtar|first4=Muhizar|last5=Harahap|first5=Oliviana|publisher=Agency for Language Development and Cultivation |year=1985 |location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Langkat Malay-Indonesian Dictionary|ref={{sfnRef|Masindan et al.|1985}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Masindan|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3516/1/SASTRA%20LISAN%20MELAYU%20LANGKAT.pdf|title=Sastra Lisan Melayu Langkat|last2=Bakar|first2=Abu |last3=Sembiring|first3=Matius C.A.|last4=Sinar|first4=T. Silvana|publisher=Agency for Language Development and Cultivation |year=1987|location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Oral Literature of Langkat Malay|ref={{sfnRef|Masindanet al.|1987}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Noor|first1=Yusmaniar|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/27687/2/Struktur%20Bahasa%20Melayu%20Langkat.pdf |title=Struktur Bahasa Melayu Langkat |last2=Silitonga|first2=Mangasa|last3=Usman|first3=Burhanuddin Ch.|last4=Sihotang|first4=Nasahon|publisher=Agency for Language Development and Cultivation |year=1985 |isbn=|location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Structure of Langkat Malay|ref={{sfnRef|Noor et al.|1985}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Zulkifli |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2973/1/Kata%20Tugas%20Bahasa%20Melayu%20Langkat%20%20%20%20%20135h.pdf|title=Kata Tugas Bahasa Melayu Langkat|last2=S. |first2=Anni Krisna|last3=Noor|first3=Yusmaniar|last4=Hasan|first4=Syaid|publisher=Agency for Language Development and Cultivation |year=1986|isbn=|location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Function Words in the Langkat Malay|ref={{sfnRef|Zulkifli et al.|1986}}}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

{{Austronesian languages}}

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Category:Agglutinative languages

Category:Languages of Indonesia

Category:Malay dialects

Category:Malayic languages