Lanka

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According to both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Lanka was originally ruled by a rakshasa named Sumali. According to Uttara Kanda, Vishwakarma, the divine architect of the Devas, had originally built Lanka for Shiva, but was seized by the brothers Malyavan, Sumali and Mali. The brothers ruled for thousands of years and invaded Amaravati, the capital of the Devas. After suffering a humiliating and disastrous defeat at the hands of Vishnu, the brothers were too ashamed to return to Lanka. Kubera seized control of Lanka and established the Yaksha kingdom and his capital was guarded by rakshasas. His half-brother Ravana, son of the sage Vishrava and Sumali's daughter Kaikesi, fought with Kubera and took Lanka from him. Ravana ruled Lanka as king of the Rakshasa kingdom. The battle in Lanka is depicted in a famous relief in the 12th-century Khmer temple of Angkor Wat. After Ravana's death, he was succeeded by his brother, Vibhishana.

File: Hanuman fires Lanka.jpg

1. Malyavan, Sumali and Mali were the sons of Sukesha. They ordered Vishwakarma to build the city for them.
2. Kubera was a Yaksha King. He remade and ruled Lanka upon Vishnu's request.
3. Ravana forced his elder brother Kubera to run away from Lanka after his penance to Brahma and Shiva and became the prince of Lanka; Sumali became the King of Lanka agaun. After Sumali's death, he became the ruler of Lanka.
4. Vibhishana, after Ravana's death, and on the order of Rama, ruled Lanka. He was given immortality by Rama, thus he has ruled Lanka and the Rakshasas ever since.

The Lanka referred to in the still-extant Hindu Texts and the Ramayana (referred to as Ravana's Lanka), is considered to be a large island-country, situated in the Indian Ocean. Studies refer that the Palace of Ravana was located in Sigiriya the palace built by the Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura as the legend describes the capital of the kingdom was located between plateaus and forests. Some scholars asserted that it must have been Sri Lanka because it is so stated in the 5th century Sri Lankan text Mahavamsa. However, the Ramayana clearly states that Ravana's Lanka was situated 100 Yojanas (roughly 1213 km or 753.72 miles) away from mainland India.Valmiki Ramayana 4.58.20Valmiki Ramayana 4.58.24

Some scholars have interpreted the content of these texts to determine that Lanka was located at the point where the Prime-Meridian of India passes the Equator.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC&pg=PA20 |title=The Indian calendar, with tables for ... – Google Books |isbn=9788120812079 |access-date=26 January 2011|last1=Sewell |first1=Robert |last2=Dikshit |first2=S. B. |date=31 May 1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher }}{{cite web |url=http://www.bharathgyan.com/geo.htm |title=Bharath Gyan |publisher=Bharath Gyan |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304195357/http://www.bharathgyan.com/geo.htm |url-status=dead }} This island would therefore lie more than {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} southwest of present-day country of Sri Lanka. The most original of all the existing versions of Valmiki's Ramayana also suggest the location of Ravana's Lanka to be in the western Indian Ocean. It indicates that Lanka was in the midst of a series of large island-nations, submerged mountains, and sunken plateaus in the western part of the Indian Ocean.{{Cite web |url=http://www.venkatesaya.com/255.ramayana/daily.readings.php?m=7&d=1 |title=Valmiki's Ramayana |access-date=24 December 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303063254/http://www.venkatesaya.com/255.ramayana/daily.readings.php?m=7&d=1 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkSzznK3VuEC|title=The Concise R_m_ya_a of V_lm_ki|last1=Vālmīki|last2=Venkatesananda|first2=Swami|date=1988-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780887068621|language=en}}

There has been a lot of speculation by several scholars since the 19th century that Ravana's Lanka might have been in the Indian Ocean around where the Maldives once stood as a high mountain, before getting submerged in the Indian Ocean.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A6OK9ODPTwC&pg=PA328 |title=The Hindu Pantheon – Edward Moor – Google Books |isbn=9788120602373 |access-date=2012-11-07|last1=Moor |first1=Edward |year=1999 |publisher=Asian Educational Services }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bftD5eyU7vgC&q=Ravana+Lanka+Maldives&pg=PA141 |title=Excerpta Máldiviana - H.C.P. Bell, Harry Charles Purvis Bell - Google Books |isbn=9788120612211 |access-date=2012-11-07|last1=Bell |first1=Harry Charles Purvis |year=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XnUgrwuqugC&pg=PA81 |title=Ravana - The Great King of Lanka - M.S. Purnalingam Pillai - Google Books |isbn=9788120605473 |access-date=2012-11-07|last1=Purnalingam Pillai |first1=M. S. |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120045/206785/004 |title=Situation of Ravana's Lamka on the Equator |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume= XVII |issue= 1 |date= 1926 }} This speculation is supported by the presence of Minicoy Island in the vicinity between India and Maldives, the ancient name being Minikaa, or Mainaka (the mountain met by Hanuman on his way to Lanka), which in the ancient language of the place means "cannibal", probably a reference to Sursa, as cannibals from the Nicobars were frequently found here, along with snakes.{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Patrick |date=1796 |title=An Account of Indian Serpents Collected on the Coast of Coromandel |url=https://www.seaturtlesofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Bhaskar-S.-1979.-Notes-from-Lakshadweep.-Hamadryad-41-7-9..pdf |website=Sea Turtles of India}}{{Cite web |title=VALMIKI"S LOCATION OF RAVANA'S LANKA Ravana's Lanka is a landmass described in the Ramayana that is 100 Yojanas (roughly 1213 km or 753.... |url=https://shuvomoy.quora.com/VALMIKI-S-LOCATION-OF-RAVANA-S-LANKA-Ravanas-Lanka-is-a-landmass-described-in-the-Ramayana-that-is-100-Yojanas-roughl |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Quora |language=en}} Sumatra and Madagascar has also been suggested as a possibility.{{cite journal |jstor=41559897 |title=An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca |first=Roland |last= Braddell|journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume= 15|number= 3 (129) |date=December 1937|pages= 64–126 }}

File:Hanuman Watches Lanka Burn.jpg, 1916]]

Ravana's Lanka, and its capital Lankapuri, are described in a manner that seems superhuman even by modern-day standards. Ravana's central palace complex (main citadel) was a massive collection of several edifices that reached over one yojana ({{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in height, one yojana in length, and half a yojana in breadth. The island had a large mountain range known as the Trikuta Mountain (Trikonamalai-In Tamil/Trinkomale-English,where Ravan built Temple for shiva), atop which was situated Ravana's capital of Lanka, at the center of which in turn stood his citadel.{{cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/sundara/sarga9/sundara_9_frame.htm |title=Valmiki Ramayana – Sundara Kanda – Sarga 9 |publisher=Sanskritdocuments.org |date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2012-11-07}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWlsWQ8foNgC&pg=PT140 |title=The Society of the Rāmāyaṇa – Ananda W. P. Guruge – Google Books |isbn=9788170172659 |access-date=2012-11-07|last1=Guruge |first1=Ananda W. P. |year=1991 |publisher=Abhinav Publications }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFJlAAAAIAAJ&q=Ramayana+Lanka+city+Yojanas+long+breadth |title=Srimad Valmiki-Ramayana - Vālmīki - Google Books |access-date=2012-11-07|author1=Vālmīki |year=1976 }}

Many of the references to Lanka in the Mahabharata are found in sage Markandeya's narration of the story of Rama and Sita to the king Yudhishthira, which narration amounts to a truncated version of the Ramayana. The references in the following summary are to the Mahabharata and adhere to the following form: (book:section). Markandeya's narration of the story begins at Book III (Varna Parva), Section 271 of the Mahabharata.

Sahadeva, the son of Pandu, conquered the town of Sanjayanti and the country of the Pashandas and the Karanatakas utilizing his messengers alone and made all of them pay tributes to him. The hero brought under his subjection and exacted tributes from the Paundrayas (Pandyas?) and the Dravidas along with the Udrakeralas and the Andhras and the Talavanas, the Kalingas and the Ushtrakarnikas, and also the delightful city of Atavi and that of the Yavanas. And, He has arrived at the seashore, then dispatched with great assurance messengers unto the illustrious Vibhishana, the grandson of Pulastya and the ruler of Lanka (2:30).

Lanka king is listed as present in the conclave of kings present in Pandava king Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice.

The Vangas and Angas and Paundras and Odras and Cholas and Dravidas and Cheras and Pandyas and Mushika and Andhakas, and the chiefs of many islands and countries on the seaboard as also of frontier states, including the rulers of the Sinhalas, the barbarous mlecchas, the natives of Lanka, and all the kings of the West by hundreds, and all the chiefs of the seacoast, and the kings of the Pahlavas and the Daradas and the various tribes of the Kiratas and Yavanas and Sakras and the Harahunas and Chinas and Tukharas and the Sindhavas and the Jagudas and the Ramathas and the Mundas and the inhabitants of the kingdom of women and the Tanganas and the Kekayas and the Malavas and the inhabitants of Kasmira... (3:51).

• Lanka, with its warriors, and horses, elephants and chariots (3:149).
• Lanka with its towers and ramparts and gates (3:147)
• The walls of Lanka (3:282).
• 4 tusked elephants (4.27.12)

• Sri Lanka
• Mahajanapadas
• Ancient clans of Lanka
• Naga people
• Sinhala Kingdom
• Vishvakarma

{{reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Mahabharata] of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated from Sanskrit into English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

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